Notes

Preface

1 A list of acts that resulted in fatalities appears in James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), pp. 8-9. Aho lists twenty such incidents between 1979 and 1985 that collectively resulted in fifty-one deaths. Roughly half of the incidents involved individuals with Identity associations.

2 In contrast to Aho, Stanley Barrett gives Identity only scant attention in his study of Canadian rightists, Is God a Racist?: The Right Wing in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), pp. 334-36. The incorrect characterization of Edward Hine appears in Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America’s Racist Underground (New York: Free Press, 1989), p. 51.

3 Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 15-17.

Chapter 1

1 Clarke Garrett, Respectable Folly: Millenarians and the French Revolution in France and England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), p. 184.

2 Quoted in Gershom Scholem, Sabbatal Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, 1626–1676 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), p. 348 and pp. 332–54 passim, emphasis in original.

3 Garrett, Respectable Folly, pp. 179-222; The Dictionary of National Biography, 22 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1967-68), 2:1350-53.

4 John Wilson, “British Israelism: The Ideological Restraints on Sect Organization,” in Bryan R. Wilson, éd., Patterns of Sectarianism: Organization and Ideology in Social and Religious Movements (London: Heinemann, 1967), pp. 353-54; John Wilson, Lectures on Our Israelitish Origin, 5th ed. (London: James Nisbet, 1876), pp. 189, 315, emphasis in original, first published in 1840. The two John Wilsons are, of course, separated by a century of time and a universe of discourse.

5 Wilson, Lectures on Our Israelitish Origin, pp. 108, 111, 368, emphasis in original.

6 Ibid., p. 191,270,368.

7 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 32, 37-38, 63.

8 Wilson, “British-Israelism,” p. 357.

9 Alexander Beaufort Grimaldi, Memoirs, and a Selection of Letters from the Correspondence of Edward Hine (London: Robert Banks and Son, 1909), pp. 9-13.

10 Ibid., pp. 12-13, 17; Wilson, “British Israelism,” pp. 363-75.

11 Edward Hine, Forty-seven Identifications of the Anglo-Saxons with the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, Founded upon Five Hundred Scripture Proofs, new ed. (New York: James Huggins, 1885), pp. v, 2.

12 Grimaldi, Memoirs, pp. 14-15.

13 Edward Hine, England’s Coming Glories: Being the Fourth Part of the “Identifications of the Anglo Saxons with Lost Israel” (New York: James Huggins, 1880).

14 James Webb, The Occult Underground (La Salle, III: Open Court, 1974), p. 233; Kurt Mendelsohn, The Riddle of the Pyramids (New York: Praeger, 1974), pp. 206-7.

15 C. Piazzi Smyth, “The Glory of the Great Pyramid,” in Hine, England’s Coming Glories, p. 230.

16 H. Aldersmith, “The Second Advent of Christ,” in Denis Hanan and H. Aldersmith, eds., British-Israel Truth, 14th ed. (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1932), p. 210, first published in 1891; M. Alma Hetherington, 70 Years Old!: An Outline History of Our Work since 1909 (Burnaby, British Columbia: Association of the Covenant People, [1979]), p. 14. A list of David Davidson’s publications appears in D. Davidson and H. Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid: Its Divine Message—An Original Co-ordination of Historical Documents and Archaeological Evidences, 11th ed. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1948), pp. xii-xiii, first published in 1924. Although the work is designated volume 1, volume 2 was never issued. Notwithstanding the joint authorship, the work is generally regarded as predominantly Davidson’s.

17 Pascoe Goard, “Introduction,” in Hanan and Aldersmith, British-Israel Truth, p. ix; Aldersmith, “The Second Advent of Christ,” p. 209; Hetherington, 70 Years Old!, p. 2.

18 Wilson, “British Israelism,” pp. 345, 376; John Wilson, “The Relation between Ideology and Organization in a Small Religious Group: The British Israelites,” Review of Religious Research 10 (1968): 51-60.

19 Wilson, “The Relation between Ideology and Organization,” pp. 52-55. The figure on contemporary British-Israelism membership is from an interview with A. E. Gibb, secretary of the British-Israel-World Federation (a second hyphen was recently added to the name), London, June 1992.

Chapter 2

1 Joseph Wild, The Lost Ten Tribes And 1882 (New York: James Huggins, 1879), preface (unpaginated); idem, Manasseh and United States: An Essay (New York: James Huggins, 1879), pp. 9-10.

2 Wild, The Lost Ten Tribes, catalog of publications follows p. 280; idem, Manasseh and United States, announcement of the Lost Israel Identification Society of Brooklyn follows p. 16.

3 W. H. Poole, Anglo-Israel or the Saxon Race Proved to Be the Lost Tribes of Israel (Toronto: William Briggs, n.d. but probably early 1880s); M. M. Eshelman, Two Sticks; or, The Lost Tribes of Israel Discovered: The Jew and the Israelite Not the Same (Mount Morris, 111.: Brethren’s Publishing Company, 1887), p. 11.

4 Wesley A. Swift, Standards of the Kingdom (Hollywood, Calif.: New Christian Crusade Church, n.d.), p. 30.

5 Russell H. Chittenden, History of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, 1846-1922, 2 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), 2:503-4. Chittenden mis-identifies Totten as Charles E., rather than Charles A. L.

6 Charles A. Totten, Our Race: Its Origin and Destiny—A Series of Studies on the Saxon Riddle (New Haven: Our Race Publishing Company, 1891), p. 250; idem, The Order of History: The Coming Crusade. Palestine Regained, or The Relation of Our Race to the Restoration of Israel: The Means Towards the End (New Haven: Our Race Publishing Company, 1897); Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America, rev. ed. (New York: Schocken, 1987), pp. 191-92.

7 Alexander Beaufort Grimaldi, Memoirs, and a Selection of Letters from the Correspondence of Edward Hine (London: Robert Banks and Son, 1909), pp. 20-50.

8 Quoted in Ernest Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of Americas Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 156-57; on the Mormons, see pp. 175–86 passim.

9 William C. Hiss, “Shiloh: Frank W. Sandford and the Kingdom, 1893-1948” (Ph.D. dissertation, Tufts University, 1978), pp. 166-71; Shirley Nelson, Fair Clear and Terrible: The Story of Shiloh, Maine (Latham, N.Y.: British American Publishing, 1989), pp. 102-5.

10 James R. Goff, Jr., Fields White unto Harvest: Charles F. Parham and the Missionary Origins of Pentecostalism (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1988), pp. 57-58, 208; Robert Mapes Anderson, Vision of the Disinherited: The Making of American Pentecostalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 50.

11 Charles Edwin Jones, A Guide to the Study of the Pentecostal Movement, 2 vols. (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1983), 2:721; Clarence Eugene Cowan, A History of the Church of God (Holiness) (Overland Park, Kans.: Herald and Banner Press, 1949), pp. 17, 26-27, 34, 75; Martin E. Marty, Modern American Religion: The Irony of It All, 1893-1919, 2 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 1:241-42; Charles F. Parham, A Voice Crying in the Wilderness, 2d ed. (Baxter Springs, Kans.: Apostolic Faith Bible College, 1910), first published in 1902; Sarah E. Parham, The Life of Charles F. Parham, Founder of the Apostolic Faith Movement (1930; reprint, Joplin, Mo.: Hunter Printing Company, 1969), p. 305.

12 J. Gordon Melton, The Encyclopedia of American Religions, 2d ed. (Detroit: Gale Research Corporation, 1987), p. 41; S. Parham, The Life of Charles Parham, p. 305; Anderson, Vision of the Disinherited, pp. 116-17; Cowan, A History of the Church of God (Holiness), p. 75.

13 Watchman of Israel (Boston), later called New Watchman; “The Roadbuilder” [W. G. MacKendrick], The Destiny of America (Toronto: T H. Best Printing Company; Boston: A. A. Beauchamp, 1921), a catalog of Beauchamp’s publications appears after p. 267.

14 Sawyer’s 1921 Watchman articles included the following: “The American Idea,” 3 (March 1921), pp. 81-85; “Who Are the Americans?,” 3 (April 1921), pp. 114-15; “Who Are the Americans?,” 3 (August 1921), pp. 182-85; and “Israel’s Great Prophet,” 4 (November 1921), pp. 7-9.

15 Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord: A Study of Organized Bigotry and Disruption on the Fringes of Protestantism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1953), p. 97. Roy’s was the only history of Identity (see pp. 92–117 passim) until the last few years. Albert Lee presents his bizarre theory about Sawyer and Cameron in Henry Ford and the jews (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), p. 89.

16 Sawyer’s birthdate is given in the National Union Catalog Pre-1956 Imprints (London: Mansell, 1977), 522:527; “Anglo-Israel Claims Entire Time: Portland Pastor Retires,” Watchman of Israel 3 (March 1921), p. 99; “Communication,” Watchman of Israel 4 (November 1921), pp. 18-19; a letter from a representative of the Victoria, British Columbia, British-Israel group appears in Watchman of Israel 3 (January 1921), p. 57; “The British Israel World Federation,” Watchman of Israel 3 (May 1921), pp. 136-37; additional news of Sawyer’s lecturing activities appears in Watchman of Israel 3 (June 1921), p. 158; M. Alma Hetherington, 70 Years Old!: An Outline History of Our Work since 1909 (Burnaby, British Columbia: Association of the Covenant People, [1979]), p. 26.

17 “Anglo-Israel Claims Entire Time,” p. 99; “British-Israel World Federation Congress: A Report of the London Meetings, July 5-10, 1920,” Watchman of Israel 2 (August 1920), pp. 181-89; a list of the federation’s vice-patrons appears after p. 267 in [MacKendrick], The Destiny of America.

18 Malcolm Clark, Jr., “The Bigot Disclosed: Ninety Years of Nativism,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 7 S (1974): 108-90.

19 R. H. Sawyer, The Truth about the Invisible Empire Knights of the Ku Klux Klan: A Lecture Delivered at the Municipal Auditorium in Ponland, Oregon, on December Twenty-second, Nineteen Twenty-one, to Six Thousand People (n.p., n.d.), pamphlet, p. 5; Eckard V. Toy, “Robe and Gown: The Ku Klux Klan in Eugene, Oregon, during the 1920s,” in Shawn Lay, ed., The invisible Empire in the West: Toward a New Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), pp. 153-84; Kenneth Jackson, “The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1966), pp. 282-83.

20 Clark, “The Bigot Disclosed,” pp. 176, 180-81, 190; Kathleen M. Blee, Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 63.

21 R. H. Sawyer, “The Stone of Destiny,” Watchman of Israel 1 (April 1919), pp. 127— 30; “Anglo-Israel Claims Entire Time,” p. 99; R. H. Sawyer, “Who Are the Americans?,” Watchman of Israel 3 (July 1921), p. 168.

22 Sawyer, The Truth about the Invisible Empire, pp. 11-12.

23 Eckard V. Toy, Jr., “The Ku Klux Klan in Oregon: Its Program and Character” (M.A. thesis, University of Oregon, 1959), p. 137; R. H. Sawyer, “Israel the Man,” New Watchman 6 (March-April 1924), pp. 21-23; idem, “The Evolution of Israel,” New Watchman 6 (May-June 1924), pp. 41-45.

24 Robert Peal, Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Authority (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1977), pp. 16-18.

25 Altman K. Swihart, Since Mrs. Eddy (New York: Henry Holt, 1931), pp. 186, 222, 231,265-66.

Chapter 3

1 Rand’s recollections are contained in a letter to the author from S. B. Campbell of Destiny Publishers, January 28, 1991.

2 “Congratulations to Howard B. Rand,” Prophetic Expositor (Toronto) 26 (August 1989), p. 24; Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America, rev. ed. (New York: Schocken, 1987), pp. 191-92; “Business Report of the Federation,” Bulletin (Anglo-Saxon Federation of America) 2 (October 1931), pp. 75, 78; M. Alma Hetherington, 70 Years Old!: An Outline History of Our Work since 1909 (Burnaby, British Columbia: Association of the Covenant People, [1979]), p. 14; “Annual Report of the British-Israel World Federation for 1929,” National Message and Banner (London) 9 (April 26, 1930), p. 278; “British-Israel World Federation Annual Report and Review for 1930,” National Message (London) 10 (May 23, 1931), p. 330; “Congress Addresses at Central Hall, Westminster,” National Message 14 (October 19, 1935), pp. 664-67. Notwithstanding changes of name, the National Message and Banner and the National Message are the same periodical, the official organ of the British-Israel-World Federation.

3 Bulletin, no. 10 (October 1930), pp 83-84; Bulletin, no. 12 (December 1930), pp. 99-100; “Remedy for Depression,” Bulletin 2 (July 1931), p. 49; Bulletin 2 (November 1931), p. 87; Bulletin 2 (January 1931), p. 8; “The Third Annual All-American Convention: A Turning Point in the American Movement,” National Message 11 (October 8, 1932), p. 652.

4 “Business Report of the Federation,” p. 79; “Is It Destruction Instead of Depression?,” BuZZefin 2 (October 1931), p. 73.

5 S. B. Campbell to author; “British-Israel World Federation Annual Report and Review for 1930,” p. 330; “Congress Addresses at Central Hall, Westminster,” p. 665; W. J. Cameron, “‘The Economic Law of the Lord’” National Message 13 (January 13, 1934), p. 21; Bulletin, no. 10 (October 1930), p. 84; “Detroit, Michigan: Special Meetings,” Bulletin 4 (May 1933), p. 40.

6 William J. Cameron, “Reminiscences,” interview by Owen Bombard, reel 1, June 5, 1952, Ford Oral History Project, Ford Archives (hereafter, FA; all subsequent references to the “Reminiscences” are on reel 1); David L. Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1976), pp. 193,222,376.

7 Cameron, “Reminiscences”; Alexander Beaufort Grimaldi, Memoirs, and a Selection of Letters from the Conespondence of Edward Hine (London: Robert Banks and Son, 1909), pp. 27-43.

8 “Business Report of the Federation,” p. 79.

9 “Congress Addresses at Central Hall, Westminster,” p. 665. Rand describes this meeting as having taken place “after the third Convention, returning to the East.” Federation materials make clear that the official third convention took place in Philadelphia, so that Rand could hardly have passed through Detroit on his way back to Massachusetts. In addition, the Philadelphia convention occurred after the publication of the proposed special issue. Rand evidently thought of the organizational meeting in Detroit as a convention, although subsequent federation material did not formally treat it as such. Dr. John W. Stephens, “Our Chicago Convention,” Bulletin 2 (October 1931), p. 76.

10 New York Times, March 4, 5, 1924; April 9, 10, 1928; July 21, 1930; July 15, 1939 (Marvin’s obituary); “Congress Addresses at Central Hall, Westminster,” p. 665; “Convention Report Continued,” Bulletin 3 (November 1932), p. 93.

11 Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford, pp. 143-46. The most detailed discussion of the anti-Semitic articles that appeared in the Independent is Leo P. Ribuffo, “Henry Ford and The International Jew” American Jewish History 69 (1980): 437-77.

12 David A. Gerber, “Anti-Semitism and Jewish-Gentile Relations in American Historiography and the American Past,” in idem, ed., Anti-Semitism in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), pp. 20-22, 29-30. Gerber borrows the term “pseudo-agrarian” from John Higham.

13 Cameron, “Reminiscences.”

14 Ibid.; “Reminiscences of Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman,” March 1952, p. 32, Ford Oral History Project, FA. The Ford and Ruddiman families had been friends since Henry’s childhood, and he had named his son after his boyhood friend Edsel Ruddiman. Norman Cohn, in his otherwise authoritative history, The Protocols of the Elders ofZion, mistakenly attributes authorship of the Independent articles to three European émigrés, Dr. Edward A. Rumley, Dr. August Muller, and Boris Brasol, a conclusion shared by virtually no one else and convincingly refuted in Ribuffo, “Henry Ford and The International Jew” Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and “The Protocols of the Elders ofZion” (Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1981), pp. 160-61.

15 Alton Frye, Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933–1941 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 32-33, 59; Kurt G. W. Ludecke, / Knew Hitler: The Story of a Nazi Who Escaped the Blood Purge (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1938).

16 Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, pp. 192-93, 197,200-201,204,313-14,315.

17 Cameron, “Reminiscences.”

18 Ibid.; undated penciled note in what appears to be Cameron’s handwriting, subsequently marked “May 1942,” FA; W. G. MacKendrick to William J. Cameron, May 31, 1942, emphasis in original; MacKendrick to Cameron, accession 44, box 1, FA.

19 Cameron’s religious views receive superficial treatment in Alan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957), pp. 125-26; “W. J. Cameron—Voice of the Sunday Evening ‘Mike,’” Ford Digest (November 7, 1936), p. 15, FA; W. J. Cameron, “The Economic Law of God,” National Message 12 (July 1, 1933), pp. 403-6; idem, “Economics of the Bible: As They Were Practiced for a Thousand Years by Our Anglo-Saxon-Israel Forefathers,” Destiny 8 (September 1937), pp. 7-11. Destiny succeeded the Bulletin, the Messenger, and the Messenger of the Covenant as the periodical of the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America.

20 W. J. Cameron, The Covenant People (Merrimac, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, 1966), pp. 3-5. The text was originally delivered as lectures at the Dearborn Inn in Dearborn, Michigan, in 1933, and published in a special issue of Destiny (April 1938). W. J. Cameron, “What I Believe about the Anglo-Saxon,” Destiny 29 (August 1958), pp. 183, 184, 185, emphasis in original; John Wilson, Lectures on Our Israelitish Origin, 5th ed. (London: James Nisbet, 1876), p. 368.

21 The following articles in the Dearborn Independent contained significant British-Israel materials: “Gentile Fall Involved in Hope of Jewish Rule,” December 25, 1920; “Angles of Jewish Influence in American Life,” May 21, 1921; “Will Jewish Zionism Bring Armageddon?,” May 28,1921; “Candid Address to Jews on the Jewish Problem,” January 7, 1922; “An Address to ‘Gentiles’ on the Jewish Problem,” January 14, 1922; “Are the Jews ‘God‘s Chosen People’?,” September 22, 1923; “‘Was Jesus Christ a Jew?’—An Inquiry,” October 6, 1923; Paul Tyner, “Where Are Israel’s Lost Tribes?,” May 23, 1925; Mark John Levy, “Why the Anglo-Saxons Are the Descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel,” February 19, 1927; Lieutenant Colonel W. G. MacKendrick, “Does the Bible Predict Peace?,” April 16,1927.

22 “Gentile Fall Involved in Hope of Jewish Rule,” pp. 8, 9.

23 “Are the Jews ‘God‘s Chosen People’?,” p. 2. Strikingly similar language appears in Cameron’s 1934 lecture, “What I Believe about the Anglo-Saxon,” first published in Destiny in 1934 and reprinted in Destiny 29 (August 1958), pp. 183-87. W. J. Cameron, “Israel as Two Nations: Partii,” National Message 13 (April 21,1934), p. 247; idem, The Covenant People, pp. 27-28.

24 Lee, Henry Ford and the Jews, pp. 89-90.

25 “The Third Annual All-American Convention,” p. 652.

26 “Congress Addresses at Central Hall, Westminster,” p. 665; “Detroit, Michigan: Special Meetings,” p. 40; Destiny 8 (May 1937), masthead; S. B. Campbell of Destiny Publishers on Howard Rand’s behalf to the author, January 28, 1991; Destiny 9 (January 1938), p. 3.

27 See W. G. MacKendrick to W. J. Cameron correspondence, FA.

28 Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford, p. 376.

29 John A. Spalding, “‘A Nice Man Saying Sensible Things’: An Analysis of the Radio Speaking of William John Cameron,” n.d., small accession, accession 665, box 15, FA; “Reminiscences of Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman,” p. 31; Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford, p. 377; Spalding, “‘A Nice Man Saying Sensible Things’”; Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford, p. 326.

30 “Reminiscences of Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman,” p. 33; “Reminiscences of F. W. Loskow-ske,” November 1951, p. 102, Ford Oral History Project, FA.

31 Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord: A Study of Organized Bigotry and Disruption on the Fringes of Protestantism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1953), p. 93; “A Tribute to Howard Benjamin Rand,” obituary leaflet, 1991; Howard B. Rand, Documentary Studies, 3 vols. (Merrimac, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, 1950), 2:110 (reprinted from Destiny, December 1946); Destiny 9 (January 1938), p. 3; S. B. Campbell to the author.

32 “Reminiscences of Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman,” pp. 30, 31, 33, 35.

33 Ibid., p. 31; J. Gordon Melton, The Encyclopedia of American Religions, 2d ed. (Detroit: Gale Research Corporation, 1987), p. 797; Charles S. Braden, Spirits in Rebellion: The Rise and Development of New Thought (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), pp. 254-56; Oakland (Calif.) Tribune, August 2, 1955.

34 “A Tribute to Howard Benjamin Rand.”

35 “To Our Subscribers,” Reminder of Our National Heritage (Portland, Oreg.) 27 (July-August 1964), p. 1; letter from Destiny editors to readers, January 30, 1969, letter to subscribers, January 19, 1970, and questionnaire response from the Anglo-Saxon Federation of America to the Wilcox Collection, 1983, all in Wilcox Collection, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas.

Chapter 4

1 M. Alma Hetherington, 70 Years Old!: An Outline History of Our Work since 1909 (Burnaby, British Columbia: Association of the Covenant People, [ 1979] ), pp. 1 -2,7,9,20.

2 Ibid., pp. 26-27’, 30. In 1968, the Vancouver group—now with offices in both British Columbia and Washington State—changed its name to the Association of the Covenant People.

3 National Message 17, no. 800 (May 1,1937), p. 285; Hetherington, 70 Years Oidi, pp. 26-27.

4 H. Ben Judah [pseud.], When?: A Prophetical Novel of the Very Near Future (Vancouver: British Israel Association of Greater Vancouver, 1944); The Morning Cometh (Vancouver: Anglo-Saxon Christian World Movement, June 1941), 2d ed., rev. (October 1941), 3d ed., rev. (February 1942); When Gog Attacks (Vancouver: British Israel Association of Greater Vancouver, January 1944), 2d ed. (June 1944), p. 17. The similarities among the three publications are so striking that the conclusion that they are all by the same hand is inescapable. Nonetheless, I have thus far been unable to identify the author.

5 Hetherington, 70 Year Old!, pp. 10, 17, 26, 27.

6 C. F. Parker, “The Desecration of the Jewish Nation by the Seed of Esau,” National Message 25 (September 25, 1946), p. 291; idem, A Short History ofEsau-Edom in Jewry (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1948), 2d ed. (1949), pp. 39, 40, 70, 77.

7 Gregory H. Singleton, Religion in the City of Angels: American Protestant Culture and Urbanization, Los Angeles, 1850–1930 (Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 1979), pp. 119,148,159,168-69.

8 Sarah E. Parham, The Life of Charles F. Parham, Founder of the Apostolic Faith Movement (1930; reprint, Joplin, Mo.: Hunter Printing Company, 1969), p. 305.

9 Bulletin (Anglo-Saxon Federation of America), no. 10 (October 1930), pp. 83-84; “Anglo-Saxon Federation of America: Pacific Coast District,” Bulletin, no. 12 (December 1930), pp. 99-100; “Pacific Coast District,” Bulletin, no. 13 (January 1931), p. 8; Philip E. J. Monson, Satan s Seat: The Enemy of Our Race (Los Angeles: Covenant Evangelistic Association Zion Press, n.d.).

10 Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord: A Study of Organized Bigotry and Disruption on the Fringes of Protestantism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1953), pp. 101-3. John M. Werly has found the name “Rev. Joseph C. Jeffries” on a Silver Legion membership list for California, as well as a “Reverend Joe Jeffires” mentioned in House Un-American Activities Committee testimony on the Silver Legion. They are presumably the same person, and identical with “Joe Jeffries.” I am grateful to John Werly for bringing this information to my attention. David R. Elliott, “Fundamentalism, Fascism, and Human Rights,” McMaster Journal of Theology 2 (1991): 68.

11 Hetherington, 70 Years Old!, p. 27; “Anniversary Issue,” Kingdom Digest 16 (March 1956), p. 14; “Editor’s Monthly Letter,” Kingdom Digest 24 (April 1964), pp. 4-5; Richard V. Pierard, “The Contribution of British-Israelism to Anti-Semitism within Conservative Protestantism,” unpublished ms.; Roy, Apostles of Discord, pp. 99-100.

12 Glen Jeansonne, Gerald L. K. Smith: Minister of Hate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 99-100, 105-6,150.

13 Ibid., p. 103; mass mailing letter from Gerald L. K. Smith, February 1956, box 46, Smith to Wesley Swift, January 15, 1957, box 48, and Smith to Swift, April 5, 1949, box 29, all in Gerald L. K. Smith Collection, Michigan Historical Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan (hereafter, GLKS); Gerald L. K. Smith, Besieged Patriot: Autobiographical Episodes Exposing Communism, Traitorism and Zionism from the Life of Gerald L. K. Smith, ed. Elna M. Smith and Charles F. Robertson (Eureka Springs, Ark.: Elna M. Smith Foundation, 1978), pp. 238, 239; idem, “Who Are God’s Chosen People?: Certainly Not the Jews! (As We Now Know Jews).” The Cross and the Flag 26 (September 1967), pp. 2, 23-24; “Who Owns Palestine?,” The Cross and the Flag 27 (July 1968), p. 21.

14 Bertrand Comparet, “Destiny Is on Our Side,” The Cross and the Flag 14 (April 1955), pp. 5, 35-37; Smith, “Who Are God’s Chosen People?,” p. 24; “Who Owns Palestine?,” p. 21; Smith, Besieged Patriot, pp. 136-40, 162-63, 177.

15 Jeansonne, Gerald L. K. Smith, p. 177.

16 Pierard, “The Contribution of British-Israelism”; Hetherington, 70 Years Old!, p. 27; Roy, Apostles of Discord, p. 107.

17 Wesley Swift to Gerald L. K. Smith, August 6, 1948, box 25, Opal M. Tanner (Smith’s secretary) to Smith, May 3, 1955, box 44, Conrad Gaard to Smith, May 21, 1950, box 30, and Gaard to Smith, January 12, 1950, box 30, all in GLKS; “Christian Nationalist Convention,” The Cross and the Flag 9 (June 1950), p. 20.

18 Roy, Apostles of Discord, p. 114; Jonathan Ellsworth Perkins, The Biggest Hypocrite in America: Gerald L. K. Smith Unmasked (Los Angeles: American Foundation, 1949), pp. 11-15,23,29,106.

19 Jeansonne, Gerald L. K. Smith, p. 157.

20 Perkins, The Biggest Hypocrite in America, pp. 21, 105, 106, 108.

21 Jonathan Ellsworth Perkins, The Modem Canaanites; or, The Enemies of Jesus Christ (Métairie, La.: Sons of Liberty, n.d.), p. 23.

22 Gerald L. K. Smith to Wesley Swift, April 5,1949, box 29, GLKS.

23 Bertrand L. Comparet, Israel’s Footprints: Who Are the Jews? Was Jesus Christ a Jew? An Identification of the True Israel by Biblical and Historical Sources (Flagstaff, Ariz.: Patriot Associates Publishers, 1962); “Two Great Men in Israel Have Fallen,” Americas Promise Newsletter (November 1983), p. 1.

24 Wesley Swift to Gerald L. K. Swift on League letterhead, November 15, 1950, box 33, Smith to Swift, August 16, 1955, box 44, and Smith to Swift, March 6, 1956, box 46, all in GLKS; “Christian Nationalist Convention,” The Cross and the Flag 9 (June 1950), p. 20; The Cross and the Flag 14 (August 1955), p. 12; The Cross and the Flag 14 (October 1955), pp. 16-17; “Sixty-seven Subjects—Eyewitness Account—A Diary—A Survey—An Interpretation,” The Cross and the Flag 15 (June 1956), p. 15.

25 Roy, Apostles of Discord, p. 103.

26 “Dr. Wesley Swift Passes,” The Cross and the Flag 29 (March 1971), pp. 14, 26; Richard Swift to Gerald L. K. Smith, September 5, 1958, box 49, GLKS; Christian Vanguard, no. 118 (October 1981), p. 9.

27 Mrs. Wesley Swift to the author, April 13, 1992; William P. Gale, “A Reply to the National Chronicle,” Identity 8 (November 1975), pp. 5-7. In light of Gale’s bitter hostility toward Swift expressed in this article, his assertions must be weighed with care. Robert Mapes Anderson, Vision of the Disinherited: The Making of American Pentecostalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 116-17; “Dr. Wesley Swift Passes,” pp. 14, 26.

28 James R. Goff, Jr., Fields White unto Harvest: Charles F. Parham and the Missionary Origins of Pentecostalism (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1988), p. 157; Anderson, Vision of the Disinherited, pp. 116-17, 190.

29 Christian Vanguard, no. 118 (October 1981), p. 9; Gale, “Reply to the National Chronicle”; Cheri Seymour, Committee of the States: Inside the Radical Right (Mariposa, Calif.: Camden Place Communications, 1991), pp. 80, 83-84, 217; Mrs. Wesley Swift to the author, August 26, 1992; Monson, Satan’s Seat; “Anglo-Saxon Federation of America: Pacific Coast District,” Bulletin, no. 12 (December 1930), pp. 99-100.

30 Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1965; leaflet for anniversary celebration, June 22, 1958, box 49, Wesley Swift to Gerald L. K. Smith, September 5,1949, box 29, and Swift to Smith, October 10, 1949, box 29, all in GLKS.

31 Undated mailing piece from Gerald L. K. Smith, 1959, box 51, Smith to Opal Tanner, May 17, 1954, box 42, Smith to Tanner, May 25, 1954, box 42, Smith to “Miss Harris” (probably Louva Harris, Wesley Swift’s secretary), May 31,1954, box 42, and Louva Harris, addressee unknown, on Anglo Saxon Christian Congregations’ letterhead, March 10,1956, box 46, all in GLKS.

32 Gerald L. K. Smith to Wesley Swift, March 17, 1958, box 49, Smith to Bertrand Comparet, June 13, 1958, box 49, Smith to J. A. Lovell, June 13, 1958, box 49, Lovell to “Christian Brethren,” [June 1958], box 49, George D. Rigler to the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, June 19, 1958, box 49, and Bob Howard to Swift, June 18, 1958, box 49, all in GLKS.

33 Los Angeles Times, April 6, 10, 12, 17, May 3, 1946.

34 Smith, Besieged Patriot, p. 238; “Dr. Wesley Swift Passes,” pp. 14, 26; Wesley Swift, “Washington—Chicago—A Memo,” n.d., distributed by the Christian Nationalist Crusade, probably summer 1955, and reprinted in The Cross and the Flag 14 (April 1955), pp. 31-33; “Christian Nationalist Convention,” The Cross and the Flag (June 1950), p. 18; The Cross and the Flag 14 (October 1955), pp. 16-17.

35 Jeansonne, Gerald L. K. Smith, pp. 100, 211 -12; Wesley Swift to Gerald L. K. Smith, September 5, 1949, box 29, GLKS.

36 Gerald L. K. Smith to Wesley Swift, February 26, 1962, box 54, GLKS; Jeansonne, Gerald L. K. Smith, p. 188; Sharon Schoonmaker (Wesley Swift’s secretary at the time) to Mr. and Mrs. Gerald L. K. Smith, February 15, 1965, box 56, GLKS.

37 Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1965; William W. Turner, Power on the Right (Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971), pp. 101-2.

38 Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 80-81, 217.

39 Ibid., pp. 36,203.

40 Gale, “Reply to the National Chronicle”; The Jutlander, “Who Is ‘Col.’ Gale?,” National Chronicle 24 (October 23, 1975); “Why, What, Who, Where, When,” Christian Defense League brochure, Baton Rouge, La., undated but probably from the late 1970s, Wilcox Collection, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas; Gerald L. K. Smith to Wesley Swift, February 26, 1959, box 51, GLKS.

41 Gale, “Reply to the National Chronicle”; The Jutlander, “Who Is ‘Col.’ Gale.”; Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 68, 87; Turner, Power on the Right, pp. 101-2.

42 Mass mailing letters from Christian Defense League, Whittier, Calif., and Baton Rouge, La., both undated, Wilcox Collection.

43 Gale, “Reply to the National Chronicle”; Butler is quoted in James Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 55; Idaho Statesman (Boise), September 14, 1980. In the Seymour interviews, Gale claimed that Richard Butler first came to him in connection with Butler’s efforts to mobilize support for an anticommunist bill in the state assembly. According to this account, after converting Butler to Identity, Gale became his minister and “he [Butler] became a member of my church.” Swift goes unmentioned. Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 81-82.

44 “Why, What, Who, Where, When”; Turner, Power on the Right, p. 113; James K. Warner to “Dear Christian Patriot,” Christian Defense League, Baton Rouge, La., September/October 1981, emphasis in original, Wilcox Collection.

45 Idaho Statesman (Boise), September 14,1980; Los Angeles Times, October 12,1970; The Cross and the Flag 29 (December 1970), p. 23; “In Memory of Dr. Wesley A. Swift,” National Chronicle 19 (October 22, 1970), p. 1.

46 William P. Gale, “The Faith of Our Fathers,” Identity 7 (January 1974), pp. 1-4; idem, “The Faith of Our Fathers,” Identity 7 (April 1974), pp. 1-3; The Jutlander, “Who Is ‘Col/ Gale.”; Gale, “A Reply to the National Chronicle.”

47 Gale, “A Reply to the National Chronicle.” In the Seymour conversations, Gale added the charge that Swift had hoodwinked “two elderly ladies,” former clients of Gale’s mutual funds business, in an investment scheme that involved Swift’s son. Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 92-93.

48 “United States Christian Posse Association,” Identity 6 ([1972]), pp. 2-3; Jubilee 1 (May 1988), pp. 1,4; Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 343, 345-47, 356.

49 “Why, What, Who, Where, When.”

50 Idaho Statesman (Boise), September 14,1980; Mrs. Wesley Swift to the author, April 13,1992.

51 “Aryan Nations Showing Ominous Signs of Life,” Klanwatch Intelligence Repon, no. 60 (April 1992), pp. 1-6; “Low-Key Atmosphere, Small Attendance Mark Annual Aryan Youth Assembly,” Klanwatch Intelligence Report, no. 61 (June 1992), p. 16; “Ex-Aryan Nations’ Leaders Start New Hate Group in Montana,” Klanwatch Intelligence Repon, no. 69 (October 1993), p. 8.

Chapter 5

1 On historicism, see Ernest R. Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 36-37; and Timothy P. Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875-1982, 2d ed., rev. and enl. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Academic Press, 1983), pp. 9-10. The most comprehensive and perceptive study of American millennialism in its cultural context is Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992). On Millerism, see the following: Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism, pp. 51-52; Michael Barkun, Crucible of the Millennium: The Burned-over District of New York in the 1840s (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); and Ruth Alden Doan, The Miller Heresy, Millennialism, and American Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).

2 Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism, pp. 37, 222; Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming, pp. 10-11; Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, pp. 97-100.

3 Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism, pp. 68, 86.

4 Ibid., p. 67; Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming, pp. 17-20.

5 Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, pp. 183, 209, 211, 213-14.

6 Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism, pp. 62-63; Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming, pp. 20-23.

7 Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism, pp. 89-90.

8 Alexander Beaufort Grimaldi, Memoirs, and a Selection of Letters from the Correspondence of Edward Wine (London: Robert Banks and Son, 1909), pp. 15-16; Edward Hine, England’s Coming Glories: Being the Fourth Part of the “Identifications of the Anglo Saxons with Lost Israel” (New York: James Huggins, 1880), p. 276; Grimaldi, Memoirs, p. 53, emphasis in original.

9 Joseph Wild, The Lost Ten Tribes And 1882 (New York: James Huggins, 1879), p. 64; M. M. Eshelman, Two Sticks; or, The Lost Tribes of Israel Discovered: The Jew and the Israelite Not the Same (Mount Morris, 111.: Brethren’s Publishing Company, 1887), p. 202; Charles A. Totten, The Order of History: The Coming Crusade. Palestine Regained, or The Relation of Our Race to the Restoration of Israel: The Means Towards the End (New Haven: Our Race Publishing Company, 1897), pp. ix-xxiii.

10 H. Aldersmith, “The Pre-Millennial Fulfillment of the Promises Made to the ‘House of Israel,’” p. 34, Rev. E. J. Wemyss-Whittaker, “An Appeal to the Clergy and Ministers of All Denominations,” p. 175, and H. Aldersmith, “The Second Advent of Christ,” pp. 208-9, all in Denis Hanan and H. Aldersmith, eds., British-Israel Truth, 14th ed. (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1932), emphasis in original.

11 Grimaldi, Memoirs, pp. 15-16, 59; Eshelman, Two Sticks, pp. 247-48.

12 Eric Anderson, “The Millerite Use of Prophecy: A Case Study of a ‘Striking Fulfillment,’” in Ronald L. Numbers and Jonathan M. Butler, eds., The Disappointed: Millerism and Millenarianism in the Nineteenth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), pp. 78-91; Douglas A. Onslow, “The Distinctive Marks, Characteristics, and Location of the ‘House of Israel’ in the Tatter Days,’” p. 101, and H. Aldersmith, “Appendix E, Part II,” p. 256, both in Hanan and Aldersmith, British-Israel Truth.

13 Onslow, “The Distinctive Marks,” p. 87; Rev. J. Idrisyn Jones, “Some Objections Answered,” in Hanan and Aldersmith, British-Israel Truth, pp. 163-64; Aldersmith, “Appendix E, Part II,” p. 256.

14 Aldersmith, “The Second Advent of Christ,” pp. 209-10, 211-12, 233, emphasis in original.

15 Ibid., p. 210, emphasis in original; D. Davidson and H. Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid: Its Divine Message—An Original Co-ordination of Historical Documents and Archaeological Evidences, 11th ed. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1948), p. ix.

16 Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, pp. vii-viii, 458, emphasis in original.

17 “The Roadbuilder” [W. G. MacKendrick], The Destiny of America (Toronto: T. H. Best Printing Company; Boston: A. A. Beauchamp, 1921), pp. 194, 233; Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, plate following p. 390.

18 W. G. MacKendrick to William J. Cameron, June 11, 1933, and William [?] Mc-Crea to MacKendrick, n.d., filed after letter of July 1, 1942, both in FA.

19 William McCrea to W. G. MacKendrick, n.d., filed after letter of August 26, 1940, emphasis in original, McCrea to MacKendrick, February 6, 1942, McCrea to MacKendrick, September 21, 1942, McCrea to MacKendrick, September 4, 1942, emphasis in original, MacKendrick to William J. Cameron, September 22, 1942, McCrea to MacKen- drick, September 17, 1942, emphasis in original, McCrea to MacKendrick, September 23, 1942, and McCrea to MacKendrick, December 1, 1942, all in FA.

20 W. G. MacKendrick, This IS Armageddon (Toronto: Commonwealth Publishers, 1942), pp. 28,92.

21 W. G. MacKendrick to William J. Cameron, November 5, 1940, emphasis in original, FA.

22 [MacKendrick], The Destiny of America, p. 191; idem, This IS Armageddon, pp. 93-94,101,103,105.

23 Frederick Haberman, The Climax of the Ages Is Near (St. Petersburg, Fla., 1940), unnumbered page, emphasis in original, 3d ed. (1941), p. 7, emphasis in original.

24 David Davidson, The Path to Peace in Our Time: Outlined from the Great Pyramid’s Prophecy (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1942), pp. 14, 18, 22, 32, 56, 48, emphasis in original.

25 “Abraham’s Seed,” Master Councillor s Address (Councils of Safety of the Christian Party, n.d.), p. 11; William Dudley Pelley, The Door to Revelation: An Intimate Biography (Asheville, N.C.: Foundation Fellowship, 1936), p. 262; Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, p. xii; cf. Leo Paul Ribuffo, “Protestants on the Right: William Dudley Pelley, Gerald B. Winrod, and Gerald L. K. Smith” (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1976), pp. 250, 306-7.

26 Eckard V. Toy, Jr., “Silver Shirts in the Northwest: Politics, Prophecies, and Personalities in the 1930s,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 80 (1989): 139-46; John M. Werly, “Premillennialism and the Paranoid Style,” American Studies (1977): 39-55. Pelley’s most detailed references to Davidson’s work occur in the following Master Councillors Addresses: “The Pillar of Cloud,” pp. 8, 9, 12; “Those Who Pass the Judgement,” p. 16; and “The Pendulum of the Cosmos,” pp. 1,4-5, 13.

27 “The Pillar of Cloud,” p. 10; “Abraham’s Seed,” pp. 10-11; Charles F. Parham, A Voice Crying in the Wilderness, 2d ed. (Baxter Springs, Kans.: Apostolic Faith Bible College, 1910), p. 105.

28 “Deserts of Roses,” Master Councillor s Address, p. 3, emphasis in original.

29 “The Splendors of Tomorrow,” Master Councillor s Address, p. 14; “The Pendulum of the Cosmos,” p. 1, emphasis in original.

30 “The Pillar of Cloud,” p. 13.

31 David Davidson, Through World Chaos to Cosmic Christ, 2d ed. (Toronto: Periscope Publishing Company, 1944), pp. 184-85; “The Pillar of Cloud,” p. 10, emphasis in original.

32 “The Pillar of Cloud,” pp. 10, 11, 12, 17.

33 Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, p. viii, text accompanying plate 65.

34 “The Splendors of Tomorrow,” p. 14; “The Pendulum of the Cosmos,” p. 6, emphasis in original; “The Pillar of Cloud,” pp. 8, 13, 16.

35 Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, p. 416; “Abraham’s Seed,” p. 6; “The Pendulum of the Cosmos,” pp. 1-2, 16, emphasis in original.

36 “The Pillar of Cloud,” p. 6, emphasis in original.

37 David H. Bennett, Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party, 1932–1936 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1969); Ribuffo, Protestants on the Right, p. 343; Toy, “Silver Shirts in the Northwest,” p. 143.

38 Toy, “Silver Shirts in the Northwest,” p. 144; “George Washington’s Vision” (Mosi-nee, Wis.: Sheriffs Posse Comitatus, Citizen’s Law Enforcement and Research Committee, n.d.), brochure.

39 “David Davidson,” Destiny 27 (September 1956), p. 200.

40 Denis Hanan and H. Aldersmith, “The Old and the New Covenants: Israel in the New Testament,” in Hanan and Aldersmith, British-Israel Truth, p. 77, emphasis in original.

41 Howard B. Rand, A Crisis in Fundamentalism (Merrimac, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, 1958), p. 10.

42 Howard B. Rand, “When the Boy Falls in Battle,” in Howard B. Rand, Documentary Studies, 3 vols. (Merrimac, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, 1950), 1:393 (originally published in Destiny, July 1943); idem, “The Kingdom of God Is at Hand,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 1:74–75 (originally published in Destiny, December 1944).

43 “The Question Box,” Destiny 27 (September 1956), p. 212.

44 Howard B. Rand, “Final Theater of War,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 1:202 (originally published in Destiny, September 1944).

45 Howard B. Rand, “The Fullness of the Ages,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 2:63— 67, emphasis in original (originally published in Destiny, August 1946); Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, chart facing p. xiv; Howard B. Rand, “When Ye Think Not,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 3:415-16.

46 Leon Festinger, Henry W. Ricken, and Stanley Schachter, When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modem Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World (1956; reprint, New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Lawrence Foster, “Had Prophecy Failed?: Contrasting Perspectives of the Millerites and Shakers,” in Numbers and Butler, The Disappointed, pp. 173-88.

Chapter 6

1 Jarah B. Crawford, Last Battle Cry: Christianity’s Final Conflict with Evil (Knoxville, Tenn.: Jann Publishing Company, 1984), p. 386; John Coleman, “Who Are the Jews, and Where Do They Come From?,” Christian Vanguard, no. 131 (November 1982), pp. 1-2; “The Aborted Rapture,” Watchman 11 (Fall 1988), p. 9; “Theology on the Rocks,” Watch-man 11 (Fall 1988), p. 10.

2 “A Vain Waiting for the ‘Rapture,’” Americas Promise Newsletter, December 1983, p. 1; Duncan McDougall, The Rapture of the Saints (Phoenix, Ariz.: Lord’s Covenant Church/America’s Promise Broadcast, 1982).

3 Gordon “Jack” Mohr, The Satanic Counterfeit (Muskogee, Okla.: Hoffman Printing Company, 1982), p. 83, emphasis in original; “A Vain Waiting for the ‘Rapture.’”

4 Ed Robinson, “The Rapture’ When? And Where.” Identity (Burnaby, British Columbia) 4 (April-May 1984), p. 15, emphasis in original; Wesley A. Swift, “The ‘Rapture,’” Christian Vanguard 157 (April 1987), p. 1, emphasis in original. A position similar to Swift’s appears in David K. Stacy, “Seed of the Serpent!,” Grace and Race, undated supplement to the National Chronicle, p. 4.

5 Bertrand L. Comparet, Birthpangs of the New Age (San Diego: Your Heritage, no. 92, n.d.), p. 1; Wesley A. Swift, “With Violence Shall Babylon Be Cast Down,” Christian Vanguard, no. 86 (February 1979), p. 8; idem, Testimony of Tradition and the Origin of Races (Hollywood, Calif.: New Christian Crusade Church, n.d.), p. 34; idem, You: Before the World Was Framed (Hollywood, Calif.: New Christian Crusade Church, n.d.), p. 29; idem, Testimony of Tradition, p. 34.

6 John R. Harrell, Christian Conservative Churches of America, to “Dear Patriot and/ or Christian,” n.d., Wilcox Collection, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas; John R. Harrell, The Golden Triangle (Flora, 111.: Christian Conservative Church, n.d.), pp. 6, 13; CSA Survival Manual (Pontiac, Mo.: C.S.A. Enterprises, 1982), pp. 1-2.

7 J. R. Taylor, “End Times,” Calling Our Nation, no. 56 (n.d.), inside back cover.

8 Bertrand L. Comparet, “Russia in Bible Prophecy,” Christian Vanguard, no. 123 (March 1982); Hal Lindsey, with C. C. Carlson, The Late Great Planet Earth (1970; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1973).

9 Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 151.

10 George Stout, “Apocalypse Now,” p. 7; Dan Gayman, “The Road to Revolution,” Zioris Restorer 5, no. 8 (n.d.), pp. 1-2; idem, Articles of Faith and Doctnne for the Churches of Israel, Diocese of Manasseh, United States of America (Schell City, Mo.: Church of Israel, 1982), p. 17, emphasis in original; idem, “‘Survival of the Elect’” Zions Restorer 5, no. 12 (n.d.), p. 3; “War Is at Hand,” Newsletter (Covenant, Sword and Arm of the Lord) (August-September 1984), p. 1; “Who Is the Anti-Christ King Today?,” End Time Revelation Newsletter (Coeur d’Alene, Idaho) 2, no. 7 (1977), p. 10, emphasis in original.

11 “Last Days of ZOG,” Calling Our Nation, no. 59 (1989), p. 25; David Lane, “Migration,” Calling Our Nation, no. 59 (1989), p. 8.

12 Christian Identity Church, Harrison, Ark., undated brochure; Gayman, Articles of Faith and Doctrine, p. 13; “This Is Aryan Nations,” point 12, undated brochure; “Beliefs of the New Christian Crusade Church,” Christian Guide, no. 169 (April-May 1988), p. 6.

13 Timothy P. Weber, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillen-nialism, 1875-1982, 2d ed., rev. and enl. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Academic Press, 1983), p. 242; Message of Old, no. 1 (1982), p. 1.

14 “Who Is the Anti-Christ King Today?,” p. 10; Bertrand L. Comparet, “The Great Jubilee,” Calling Our Nation, no. 50 (n.d.), pp. 18–20 (originally published in Special Alert No. 69, Destiny Editorial News Service); Michael DeBeck, “Tracing Our Ancestors,” Calling Our Nation, no. 45 (n.d.), pp. 21-22; John Coleman, “God’s Chosen Race,” Christian Vanguard, no. 135 (March 1983), p. 2; “God’s Silent Witnesses,” Americas Promise Newsletter (January 1988), p. 1.

15 “Land of the ZOG,” CDL Report (Métairie, La.), no. 112 (n.d.), special edition, p. 16; Karl I. Schott, “Come My People Hide Thyself for a Little While” (Spokane, Wash.: Christian Gospel Fellowship Church, n.d.), pamphlet; Andrew MacDonald [William Pierce], The Turner Diaries, 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: National Alliance, 1980), p. 33; Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1965); Mrs. S. E. V. Emery, Seven Financial Conspiracies (1894; reprint, Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1975).

16 “The Identity Churches’: ATheology of Hate,” ADLFacts 28 (Spring 1983): 10-11; Extremism on the Right: A Handbook (New York: Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B nth, 1983), pp. 112-13; Leonard Zeskind, The “Christian Identity” Movement: A Theological justification for Racist and Anti-Semitic Violence (Division of Church and Society of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., n.d.), p. 9.

17 From the Mountain (July-August 1985), p. C; (September-October 1984), p. 1; “Minor Error” (May-June 1989), p. 8.

18 From the Mountain (September-October 1984), p. 1; (March-April 1985), p. 3; (July-August 1985), p. D.

19 From the Mountain (July-August 1985), pp. D, E; “What Is a Jew?,” (September-October 1982), p. 3.

20 “Coming Soon,” From the Mountain (September-October 1982), p. 3; “Kissing Cousins” (September-October 1982), p. 3; (March-April 1985), pp. 2-3.

Chapter 7

1 M. M. Eshelman, Two Sticks; or, The Lost Tribes of Israel Discovered: The }ew and the Israelite Not the Same (Mount Morris, 111.: Brethren’s Publishing Company, 1887), p. 261.

2 Léon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe (New York: Basic Books, 1974); David Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).

3 Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European History (1918; reprint, New York: Arno, 1970), pp. 16-18.

4 Charles A. Totten, Our Race: Its Origin and Destiny—A Series of Studies on the Saxon Riddle (New Haven: Our Race Publishing Company, 1891); idem, The Order of History, pp. i, ix, xi, 73; Dearborn Independent, September 13,1919; Totten, The Order of History, p. 297.

5 Totten, The Order of History, pp. 297-98.

6 Ibid., pp. 299-300.

7 John Wilson, Lectures on Our Israelitish Origin, 5th ed. (London: James Nisbet, 1876), pp. 111,189.

8 W. J. Cameron, “What I Believe about the Anglo-Saxon,” Destiny 29 (August 1958), p. 185; Frederick Haberman, Tracing Our Ancestors (1934; reprint, Vancouver: British Israel Association, 1962), p. 144; George R. Riffert, “Judah—The Jews and the Bible in a False Light,” Destiny 9 (October 1938), p. 13.

9 Howard Rand, “Jesus Was Not a Jew,” in Howard B. Rand, Documentary Studies, 3 vols. (Merrimac, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, 1950), 1:415 (originally published in Destiny, March 1943); Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America, rev. ed. (New York: Schocken, 1987), p. 390; Lothrop Stoddard, “The Pedigree of Judah,” Forum 75 (March 1926), p. 325.

10 David Davidson, Through World Chaos to Cosmic Christ, 2d ed. (Toronto: Periscope Publishing Company, 1944), pp. 90, 154.

11 C. F. Parker, A Short History of Esau-Edom in Jewry, 2d ed. (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1949), pp. 25, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43; Conrad Gaard, Spotlight on the Great Conspiracy (Steilacoon, Wash.: Destiny of America Foundation, n.d.; reprints articles from Gaard’s journal, the Interpreter, originally published in 1960), pp. 46,49-51.

12 Eshelman, Two Sticks, p. 195; L. G. A. Roberts, “Preface to the Thirteenth Edition,” in Denis Hanan and H. Aldersmith, eds., British-Israel Truth, 14th ed. (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1932), p. v; Parker, A Short History, p. 17.

13 Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974), p. 159; Andrew Runni Anderson, Alexanders Gate, Gog and Magog and the Inclosed Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1932), pp. 72-73; Howard Rand, “The Incredible Hoax,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 2:134 (originally published in Destiny, July 1948); “Two Witnesses,” End Time Revelation Newsletter (Coeur d’Alene, Idaho) 2, no. 7 (1977), p. 2; Karl I. Schott, “Come My People Hide Thyself for a Little While” (Spokane, Wash.: Christian Gospel Fellowship Church, n.d.), pamphlet.

14 Bertrand L. Comparet, Israels Fingerprints: Who Are the Jews? Was ]esus Christ a Jew? An Identification of the True Israel by Biblical and Historic Sources (Flagstaff, Ariz.: Patriot Associates Publishers, 1962), pp. 23, 24, 29-30, 34; idem, “The Bible Is Not a Jewish Book,” Christian Vanguard, no. 30 (May 1974), p. 3; Gerald L. K. Smith, “Who Are God’s Chosen People?: Certainly Not the Jews! (As We Now Know Jews),” The Cross and the Flag 26 (September 1967), pp. 2, 23-24.

15 William P. Gale, “The Faith of Our Fathers,” Identity 7 (April 1974), p. 1.

16 “Mystery of Ezekiel,” End Time Revelation Newsletter 2 (January 1977), pp. 3, 8; Americas Promise Broadcaster (Phoenix, Ariz., 1977; reprint, 1978), special issue; Jarah B. Crawford, Last Battle Cry: Christianity’s Final Conflict with Evil (Knoxville, Tenn.: Jann Publishing Company, 1984), p. 7; “‘My People Are Destroyed For Lack of Knowledge …,’” Klansman, no. 142 (September-October 1989), p. 1.

17 Calling OurNation (Hayden Lake, Idaho), no. 55 (1987), p. 26.

18 Eshelman, Two Sticks, pp. 202-3.

19 W. G. MacKendrick to William J. Cameron, November 5,1940, accession 44, box 1, FA.

20 W. G. MacKendrick, This IS Armageddon (Toronto: Commonwealth Publishers, 1942), p. 61.

21 Howard B. Rand, “Final Theater of War,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 1:206 (originally published in Destiny, September 1944).

22 H. Ben Judah [pseud.], When?: A Prophetical Novel of the Very Near Future (Vancouver: British Israel Association of Greater Vancouver, 1944), pp. 77, 88.

23 “Will Jewish Zionism Bring Armageddon?,” in Jewish Influences in American Life, vol. 3 of The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem (Ford Motor Company, [1921]), p. 124 (originally published in the Dearborn Independent, May 28,1921); Howard B. Rand, “The Kingdom of God Is at Hand,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 1:74 (originally published in Destiny, December 1944); idem, “Who Shall Possess Palestine?,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 1:550 (originally published in Destiny, February 1944).

24 Parker, A Short History, pp. 38-39, 70, 77.

25 Howard B. Rand, “The Verdict of Time,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 2:133–34 (originally published in Destiny, October 1947); idem, “The Plot to Seize the Kingdom,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 2:169–70 (originally published in Destiny, June 1949); idem, “The Iniquitous Empire: A Great Mystery,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 3:263 (originally published in Destiny, March 1950).

26 Despite the prominence of the Khazar theory in contemporary anti-Semitic writing, it receives little, if any, attention in most histories of anti-Semitism. An exception is Robert Singerman, “The Jew as Racial Alien: The Genetic Component of American Anti-Semitism,” in David A. Gerber, ed., Anti-Semitism in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), pp. 103-28. The best-known recent work on the Khazars, which, although not anti-Semitic is frequently cited by anti-Semites, is Arthur Koestler, The Thirteenth Tube: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage (New York: Random House, 1976).

27 Ernest Renan, “Le Judaïsme comme race et comme religion: Conférence faite au Cercle Saint-Simon le 27 janvier 1883,” in Henriette Psichari, éd., Oeuvres complètes de Emest Renan, 10 vols. (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, n.d.), 1:925-44; Léon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth, pp. 207-8.

28 Andrew Anderson, Alexanders Gate, pp. 103-4; John Wilson, Lectures on Our Israelitish Origin, p. 369.

29 Gossett, Race, pp. 390-91, 394-95; Stoddard, “The Pedigree of Judah,” pp. 321-23.

30 Stoddard, “The Pedigree of Judah,” pp. 324-25, 329-30, 331.

31 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 134-35.

32 Dearborn independent, September 22, 1923, pp. 2-3; May 23, 1925, p. 27; Frank Hancock, “Anglo-Israel as a Racial Movement,” National Message 12 (October 7, 1933), pp. 628-29; W. H. Fasken, Israels Racial Origin and Migrations (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1934), p. 51.

33 Ben Judah, When?, p. 11; Parker, A Short History, pp. 36,41; Howard B. Rand, “The Incredible Hoax,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 2:133 (originally published in Destiny, July 1948); idem, “Mishandling the Scriptures,” in Rand, Documentary Studies, 3:158 (originally published in Destiny, November 1949).

34 Frank P. Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985), pp. 51-52; Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord: A Study of Organized Bigotry and Disruption on the Fringes of Protestantism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1953), p. 84.

35 John Beaty, The Iron Curtain over America (Dallas: Wilkinson Publishing Company, 1951), pp. 19,25,42.

36 Wilmot Robertson [pseud.], The Dispossessed Majority, rev. ed. (Cape Canaveral, Fla.: Howard Allen, 1973), pp. 27-28, 156; Evelyn Rich, “Ku Klux Klan Ideology, 1954-1988” (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1988), p. 182; “Gallery of Jewish Types,” The Crusader: The Voice of the White Majority, no. 26 (October 1977), p. 11.

37 Wesley Swift, “Who Are the Jews?,” New Beginnings 18 (December 1988), p. 10.

38 Gaard, Spotlight on the Great Conspiracy, pp. 40-42, 51-52, 54.

39 Comparet, Israels Fingerprints, pp. 32-33; K. R. McKilliam, “Conspiracy to Destroy the Christian West,” End Time Revelation Newsletter 1 (October 1976), pp. 2, 3.

40 Calling Our Nation, no. 55 (1987), p. 26; Dan Gayman, In Search of Abraham’s Children (Schell City, Mo.: Church of Israel, 1987), p. 7; Newsletter, Christian-Patriots Defense League, September 1983, p. 1; Col. Jack Mohr, “Who Is True Israel.” (Bay St. Louis, Miss., n.d.), brochure; Brig. Gen. Jack Mohr, “Exploding the ‘Chosen People’ Myth” (Bay St. Louis, Miss., n.d.), pamphlet, p. 11; Bob Hallstrom, “Oprah, the Jews and Ritual Murder,” Calling Our Nation, no. 50 (1989), pp. 22, 24 (reprinted from Americas Promise Newsletter).

41 Arthur Koestler, The Thirteenth Tribe, pp. 180, 199, 200, 223.

42 “Land of the ZOG,” CDL Report (Métairie, La.), no. 112 (n.d.), special edition, p. 2.

43 Americas Promise Broadcaster.

Chapter 8

1 Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974), 1:142, 144; Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relationship to Modern Anti-Semitism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943), pp. 21,41-42.

2 Neil Forsyth, The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 236, 312, 328, 330.

3 Léon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 131-32; Richard H. Popkin, Isaac La Peyrère, 1596-1676: His Life, Work and Influence (Leidon: E. J. Brill, 1987), pp. 21-23; David Rice McKee, “Isaac de la Peyrère: A Precursor of Eighteenth-Century Critical Deists,” PMLA 59 (1944): 458-59; Popkin, Isaac La Peyrère, pp. 14-15.

4 McKee, “Isaac de la Peyrère,” pp. 461, 463, 473, 479, 484; Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 45,48.

5 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, p. 52, 119, 120, 134-35; Popkin, Isaac La Peyrère, pp. 149-50.

6 Dominick M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite; or, The Harmony of Scripture and Ethnology (1864; reprint, London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1872), pp. 70, 164.

7 Alexander Winchell, Preadamites; or, A Demonstration of the Existence of Men Before Adam; Together with a Study of Their Condition, Antiquity, Racial Affinities and Dispersion Over the Earth (Chicago: S. C. Griggs and Company, 1880), pp. v, 52-53, 161-62, 191-92,193,385.

8 M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite, pp. 197-98, 284.

9 Winchell, Preadamites, pp. 52-53, 245, 268, 284-85.

10 E. S. G. Bristowe, Cain—An Argument (Leicester, England: Edgar Backus, 1950), p. 90; Mrs. Sydney Bristowe, Sargon the Magnificent (London: Covenant Publishing Company, 1927), pp. 16, 28. Despite the difference in names, both books have the same author.

11 M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite, pp. 295, 307; Winchell, Preadamites, p. 294; Charles Carroll, “The Negro a Beast”; or, “In the Image of God” (St. Louis: American Book and Bible House, 1900), p. 23.

12 D. Davidson and H. Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid: Its Divine Message—An Original Co-ordination of Historical Documents and Archaeological Evidences, 11th ed. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1948), pp. 424, 425, 431, emphasis in original; Bristowe, Sargon the Magnificent, p. viii.

13 M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite, pp. 178-79.

14 Poliakov, The Aryan Myth, pp. 188, 256; M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite, pp. 201-2.

15 D[avid] Davidson, A Connected History of Early Egypt, Babylonia and Central Asia (Leeds, England: D. Davidson, 1927), chart on p. 23.

16 M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite, 208-9; Carroll, “The Negro a Beast” p. 153.

17 Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, p. 425; Charles F. Parham, A Voice Crying in the Wilderness, 2d ed. (Baxter Springs, Kans.: Apostolic Faith Bible College, 1910), pp. 82, 84.

18 Adam Clarke, The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments, The Text Carefully Printed from the Most Conect Copies of the Present Authorized Translation, Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts with a Commentary and Critical Notes Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred Writings (New York: Abingdon Press, n.d.), 1:48-49.

19 Poliakov, The Aryan Myth, p. 279.

20 Carroll, “The Negro a Beast,” pp. 219, 220, 221, 228.

21 C. Douglas Weaver, The Healer-Prophet, William Manion Branham: A Study of the Prophetic in American Pentecostalism (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1987), pp. 98, 113; William Marrion Branham, Questions and Answers—Book 7, June 28, 1959 (Jefferson-ville, Ind.: Branham Tabernacle, n.d.), p. 39.

22 Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), pp. 721-22; William Henry Brackney, The Baptists (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 241-42; Henry Warner Bowden, Dictionary of American Religious Biography (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 351.

23 Quoted in Weaver, The Healer-Prophet, p. 124; Branham, Questions and Answers, p. 39, quoted in Weaver, The Healer-Prophet, pp. 113-14. A view opposed to Branham’s is presented in Rev. A. W. Post, The “Serpent’s Seed” Doctrine Refuted! (Fredericton, New Brunswick, n.d.), pamphlet.

24 Davidson, A Connected History, chart 19; Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, p. 438.

25 M’Causland, Adam and the Adamite, pp. 197-98, 208-9, 262; Winchell, Preadam-ites, pp. 189, 191, 295, emphasis added.

26 Carroll, “The Negro a Beast” pp. 146, 150, 220, 221; Charles Parham, A Voice Crying in the Wilderness, p. 83.

27 Davidson, A Connected History, chart 22; Davidson and Aldersmith, The Great Pyramid, p. 424.

28 Bristowe, Sargon the Magnificent, p. 3.

29 Ibid., pp. 26, 28, 28-29, 32,135,144,147.

30 Frederick Haberman, Tracing Our Ancestors (1934; reprint, Vancouver: British Israel Association, 1962), p. 25; H. Ben Judah [pseud.], When?: A Prophetical Novel of the Very Near Future (Vancouver: British Israel Association of Greater Vancouver, 1944), p. 70; Wesley Swift, “Who Are the Jews?,” New Beginnings 18 (December 1988), p. 9; Conrad Gaard, Spotlight on the Great Conspiracy (Steilacoon, Wash.: Destiny of America Foundation, n.d.; reprints articles from Gaard’s journal, the Interpreter, originally published in 1960), p. 5; Christian Vanguard, no. 103.

31 Bristowe, Sargon the Magnificent, pp. 55, 58, 127.

32 Ibid., pp. 55, 70, 80-81, 95, 127; Haberman, Tracing Our Ancestors, p. 25.

33 Alexander Hislop, The Two Babylons; or, The Papal Worship Proved to Be the Worship ofNimrod and His Wife (reprint, New York: Loizeaux Brothers, 1943), pp. 25, 28, 34, 211, 224, 232, 274-75. A brief first edition was published in Edinburgh in 1853 and a much expanded second edition in 1858.

34 D. Michael Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 1987), p. 167; Norman Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 41-42; McKee, “Isaac de la Peyrère,” p. 479.

35 Daniel H. Ludlow, éd., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 1:245-46; The Pearl of Great Price: A Selection from the Revelations, Translations, and Nanations of Joseph Smith (reprint, Salt Lake City, Utah: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1973); Moses 5:30, 5:51, 7:22; Bruce McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, 2d ed. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, 1966), pp. 108-9, 527, 698, emphasis in original; Quinn, Early Mormonism, pp. 165-67.

36 Newell G. Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People within Mormonism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981), pp. 86-87, 101-2.

Chapter 9

1 Frederick Haberman, Tracing Our Ancestors (1934; reprint, Vancouver: British Israel Association, 1962), pp. 18, 19, 25, 144.

2 Philip E. J. Monson, Satan s Seat: The Enemy of Our Race (Los Angeles: Covenant Evangelistic Association Zion Press, n.d.), pp. 4, 22-23, 27. The work’s publication history appears on p. 2.

3 The Morning Cometh (Vancouver: Anglo-Saxon Christian World Movement, June 1941), 2d éd., rev. (October 1941), 3d éd., rev. (February 1942).

4 When Gog Attacks (Vancouver: British Israel Association of Greater Vancouver, January 1944), 2d ed. (June 1944), pp. 9,12,13-14,15,17.

5 H. Ben Judah [pseud.], When?: A Prophetical Novel of the Very Near Future (Vancouver: British Israel Association of Greater Vancouver, 1944), pp. 16-17, 21, 69-71, 73-74.

6 Conrad Gaard, Spotlight on the Great Conspiracy (Steilacoon, Wash.: Destiny of America Foundation, n.d.; reprints articles from Gaard’s journal, the Interpreter, originally published in 1960), pp. 1,4, 5,10, 13,14-16, 38,42,43,45-46, 64-65, 79,97-98.

7 Gaard, Spotlight on the Great Conspiracy, pp. 5, 40-42, 49-51, 65, 79; David Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 23-26, 245, 317; Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1965), pp. 29-32.

8 Bertrand L. Comparet, “Adam Was Not the First Man,” Your Heritage, no. 15 (n.d.), p. 2.

9 Bertrand L. Comparet, “Noah’s Flood Was Not World-Wide,” Christian Vanguard, no. 47 (November 1975), pp. 6-8; idem, “Let’s Examine the Evidence,” Your Heritage, no. 105 (n.d.), p. 1; idem, “The Bible Is Not a Jewish Book,” Christian Vanguard, no. 30 (May 1974), p. 3.

10 William P. Gale, “Racial and National Identity,” Identity (n.d.), p. 4; idem, “The Faith of Our Fathers,’” Identity 1 (January 1974), pp. 1-2.

11 Gale, “Racial and National Identity,” pp. 6-7.

12 Gale, “The Faith of Our Fathers’” (January 1974), p. 2; idem, “Racial and National Identity,” p. 11.

13 Gale, “The Faith of Our Fathers’” (January 1974), p. 2; idem, “Racial and National Identity,” p. 11.

14 Gale, “The Faith of Our Fathers’” (January 1974), p. 2; idem, “The Faith of Our Fathers’”(April 1974), pp. 1,4.

15 Gale, “Racial and National Identity,” p. 10; idem, “The Faith of Our Fathers’” (January 1974), p. 2.

16 Wesley Swift, Testimony of Tradition and the Origin of Races (Hollywood, Calif.: New Christian Crusade Church, n.d.), p. 6; idem, “Preserving Our Racial Self-Respect,” National Chronicle 20 (March 4, 1971), p. 1; idem, Testimony of Tradition, pp. 4-5, 29.

17 Swift, Testimony of Tradition, pp. 25, 29; idem, “Who Are the Jews?,” p. 8.

18 Swift, Testimony of Tradition, pp. 9-10, 13.

19 Ibid., p. 15; idem, “Who Are the Jews?,” p. 9; idem, “The Redemption, towit [sic], of the Body,” National Chronicle 22 (July 12, 1973), p. 3, emphasis in original; idem, “The Children of the Beast,” Christian Vanguard, no. 103 (July 1980), p. 6; idem, “With Violence Shall Babylon Be Cast Down,” Christian Vanguard, no. 86 (February 1979), p. 5; idem, “The Jews! Who Are They?,” Christian Vanguard, no. 64 (April 1977), pp. 9-10.

20 Swift, “Who Are the Jews?,” p. 9; Rev. 17:2-5; Swift, “With Violence Shall Babylon Be Cast Down,” pp. 5, 6, emphasis in original.

21 Gale, “Racial and National Identity,” p. 10; Swift, Testimony of Tradition, p. 10.

22 The Book of Mormon (reprint, Salt Lake City, Utah: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1951), 3 Nephi 21:26. New editions of Mormon scriptures appeared in 1981. Earlier editions are cited here, however, since any appropriation of Mormon teachings by Gale and Swift would have occurred prior to the new editions. James E. Talmage, A Study of the Ankles of Faith, 50th ed. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1971), p. 340; Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (reprint, Salt Lake City, Utah: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1973), 110:11.

23 Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia ofMormonism, 5 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 2:461-62, 706, 708-9.

24 Bruce McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, 2d ed. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, 1966), p. 856; James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), pp. 177, 254.

25 The Pearl of Great Price: A Selection from the Revelations, Translations, and Ναπα-tions of Joseph Smith (reprint, Salt Lake City, Utah: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1973); Moses 3:7; Abraham 3:22; Talmage, A Study of the Articles of Faith, p. 192; R. Clayton Brough, Our First Estate: The Doctrine of Mans Pre-Μο?αΙ Existence (Bountiful, Utah: Horizon Publishers, 1979).

26 Wesley A. Swift, You: Before the World Was Framed (Hollywood, Calif.: New Christian Crusade Church, n.d.), p. 3; Dan Gayman, The Holy Bible, The Book of Adam’s Race (Schell City, Mo.: Church of Israel, n.d.), p. 11, emphasis in original; J. Gordon Melton, The Encyclopedia of American Religions, 2d ed. (Detroit: Gale Research Corporation, 1987), p. 462; Steven L. Shields, The Latter-day Saints Churches: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1987), pp. 256-57, 267; Philip Jones, “The Kingdom of Yah-weh-The White Man’s Hope.” Calling Our Nation, no. 25 (n.d.), p. 14. The fullest discussion of Gayman and his church is Jeffrey Kaplan, “The Context of American Mille-narian Revolutionary Theology: The Case of the ‘Identity Christian’ Church of Israel,” Tenorism and Political Violence 5 (1993): 30-82. Jones, “The Kingdom ofYahweh,” p. 14. In late 1992, the Mormon Church excommunicated a number of members with right-wing connections, some of whom appear to have been suspected of harboring Identity sympathies. In the 1992 presidential election, Utah contributed almost one-third of the votes for the fringe candidacy of James “Bo” Gritz, a Mormon convert with close Identity connections to such figures as Pete Peters. Salt Lake Tribune, November 6, 29, 1992.

27 “This Is Aryan Nations,” undated brochure; George Stout, “Apocalypse Now,” Calling Our Nation, no. 48 (n.d.), p. 7; Michael Hudson, “Jewish Ritual Murder,” Calling Our Nation, no. 36 (n.d.), pp. 6-7; Bob Hallstrom, “Oprah, the Jews and Ritual Murder,” Calling Our Nation, no. 50 (1989).

28 Jarah B. Crawford, Last Battle Cry: Christianity’s Final Conflict with Evil (Knoxville, Tenn.: Jann Publishing Company, 1984), pp. 7, 321, 333-34, 337, 339-40, 346, emphasis in original.

29 Dan Gayman, Ankles of Faith and Doctrine for the Churches of Israel, Diocese of Manasseh, United States of America (Schell City, Mo.: Church of Israel, 1982), p. 5; idem, “Cain and Abel: Fraternal Twins from Different Fathers,” Watchman 11 (Fall 1988), pp. 21,23; idem, “Genesis 4:1: An Exegetical Review,” Watchman 11 (Fall 1988), p. 28.

30 Gayman, “Cain and Abel,” p. 21 ; idem, “Genesis 4:1,” pp. 30, 31.

31 Witchcraft and the Illuminati (Zarephath-Horeb, Mo.: Covenant, Sword and Arm of the Lord, 1981), pp. 4-7.

32 Bennett, The Party of Fear, pp. 23-26; Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, pp. 10-14; Des Griffin, Founh Reich of the Rich (South Pasadena, Calif.: Emissary Publications, 1981), p. 195.

33 Witchcraft and the Illuminati, pp. 14-18, 30-31.

34 Howard B. Rand, “Knowledge of Good and Evil,” Destiny 32 (July 1961), p. 157; “In the Image of God: The Origin and Destiny of Races,” Destiny 37 (1966), p. 216; “In the Image of God: The Origin and Destiny of Races, Part II,” Destiny 11 (1966), pp. 234-46.

35 “In the Image of God, Part II,” pp. 238, 239, 240, 243, 245.

36 Rand, “Knowledge of Good and Evil,” pp. 157, 158; “Cain,” Reminder of Our National Heritage 26 (May-June 1963), pp. 1-3.

37 National Chronicle 10 (March 25, 1971), p. 2; Brig. Gen. Jack Mohr, Proofs of identity (Bay St. Louis, Miss., n.d.), unpaginated. The rank is an honorific conferred by the Christian-Patriots Defense League. “The Truth about British Israel,” Identity 7 (February 1975), p. 8, emphasis in original.

38 Philip Jones, “Aryan Identity’ Divided,” Calling Our Nation, no. 37 ([1983]), p. 23; Rev. Tom Metzger, “Let’s ‘Can’ Kosher-Identity Practices,” Christian Vanguard, no. 52 (April 1976), p. 8.

39 Mohr, Proofs of Identity; Jones, “Aryan Identity’ Divided”; “Who Is the Anti-Christ King Today?,” End Time Revelation Newsletter 2, no. 7 (1977), p. 4.

Chapter 10

1 Howard B. Rand, Digest of the Divine Law (Merrimac, Mass.: Destiny Publishers, 1943), p. xiii.

2 Ibid., pp. 14-15,22.

3 Warren Fennell and Joyce Fennell, An Index to the Laws, Statutes, and judgments of God (Phoenix, Ariz.: Lord’s Covenant Church, 1979).

4 “Remnant Resolves” (LaPorte, Colo.: Scriptures for America, n.d.), brochure.

5 Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1965), p. 249; James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), pp. 91-92.

6 W. J. Cameron, “The Economic Law of God,” National Message 12 (July 1, 1933), pp. 403-6; idem, “Economics of the Bible: As They Were Practiced for a Thousand Years by Our Anglo-Saxon-Israel Forefathers,” Destiny 8 (September 1937), pp. 8-10, emphasis in original.

7 Rand, Digest of the Divine Law, pp. 88, 203, 206-7.

8 “The Fed’s Role in the Grand Conspiracy,” Primrose and Cattleman’s Gazette 10 (June 12, 1984), p. 10; Sheldon Emry, Billions for the Bankers Debts for the People (Phoenix, Ariz.: Lord’s Covenant Church, n.d.), p. 24; “Remnant Resolves.”

9 Cameron, “Economics of the Bible,” pp. 8-9.

10 Rand, Digest of the Divine Law, pp. 93-94.

11 James Corcoran, Bitter Harvest: Gordon Kahl and the Posse Comitatus—Murder in the Heartland (New York: Viking, 1990), pp. 51-52, quoted in Aho, The Politics of Righteousness, p. 246.

12 Quoted in Cheri Seymour, Committee of the States: Inside the Radical Right (Mar-iposa, Calif.: Camden Place Communications, 1991), p. 200.

13 “United States Christian Posse Association,” Identity 6 ([1972]), pp. 6-7; Seymour, Committee of the States, p. 199.

14 Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 5, 8, 272, 290. On the Committee of the States, see Robert W. Hoffert, A Politics of Tension: The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992), pp. 31, 34.

15 Seymour, Committee of the States, pp. 267-68, 343, 347; Jubilee 1 (May 1988), pp. 1,4.

16 Bruce Barron, “‘Let‘s Not Change the World, Let’s Run It’: Movements and Ideologies of Social Takeover within the New Christian Right” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1989); idem, “Re-Christianizing America: The Reconstruction and Kingdom Now Movements in American Evangelical Christianity” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1991), pp. 25-30.

17 Seymour, Committee of the States, p. 169; Extremism on the Right: A Handbook (New York: Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 1983), pp. 110-11, 145-47; Tom Metzger, “Crusader Action,” Christian Vanguard, no. 52 (April 1976), p. 8; Christian Vanguard, no. 55 (July 1976); Tom Metzger, “Forming an Identity Sunday School,” Christian Vanguard, no. 53 (May 1976), p. 11; Christian Vanguard, no. 71 (November 1977); Christian Vanguard, no. 72 (December 1977), p. 2.

18 Extremism on the Right, p. 110; Evelyn Rich, “Ku Klux Klan Ideology, 1954-1988” (Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1988), pp. 195, 239-40.

19 Rich, “Ku Klux Klan Ideology,” pp. 239-40; Extremism on the Right, p. 111.

20 Rich, “Ku Klux Klan Ideology,” pp. 210-11, 272, 296; William B. McMahon, “David Duke and the Legislature,” in Douglas D. Rose, ed., The Emergence of David Duke and the Politics of Race (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), p. 118; “Victory in Los Angeles,” Christian Vanguard, no. 40 (March-April 1975), p. 1, emphasis in original.

21 Rich, “Ku Klux Klan Ideology,” pp. 237-38.

22 On Carto and the Liberty Lobby generally, see Frank P. Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985). The Populist party’s 1984 campaign is described in Leonard Zeskind, It’s Not Populism—America’s New Populist Party: A Fraud by Racists and Anti-Semites (Atlanta: National Anti-Klan Network, 1984); Ballot-Box Bigotry: David Duke and the Populist Party, Center for Democratic Renewal Background Report, no. 7 (Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal, n.d.), p. 15; Elizabeth A. Rickey, “The Nazi and the Republicans,” in Rose, The Emergence of David Duke, p. 62.

23 Ballot-Box Bigotry, p. 17; “Identity Camp Meeting,” Christian Vanguard Newsletter, no. 194 (August 1990), p. 8; New York Times, August 30, 1992; Richard M. Scammon and Alice V. McGillivray, America Votes 18: A Handbook of Contemporary American Election Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1989). A different total, as well as percentage figures, appears in the New York Times, November 22, 1988.

24 Lawrence N. Powell, “Slouching Toward Baton Rouge,” in Rose, The Emergence of David Duke, p. 28; New York Times, January 23, February 20, 1989, October 9, 1990; Douglas D. Rose with Gary Esolan, “DuKKKe for Governor,” in Rose, The Emergence of David Duke, pp. 227, 231. Duke unsuccessfully sought the U.S. Senate seat held by J. Bennett Johnston in 1990 but still managed to secure 44 percent of the vote and carry twenty-five of sixty-four parishes. In 1991 he forced Edwin Edwards into a nationally publicized Republican gubernatorial primary runoff. Edwards won decisively (61 percent), but Duke’s vote, concentrated in rural areas, included heavy majorities among born-again Christians. He subsequently fared badly in early Republican presidential primaries, and dropped out of electoral politics.

25 Knocking on Armageddon’s Door (documentary shown on the Public Broadcasting System program “P.O.V.,” July 19, 1988); “Two Witnesses,” End Time Revelation Newsletter 2, no. 7 (1977), p. 10, emphasis in original.

26 Dan Gayman, “The Road to Revolution,” Zion’s Restorer 5, no. 8 (n.d.), p. 3; idem, “‘Survival of the Elect’” Zion’s Restorer 5, no. 12 (n.d.), pp. 1, 3, emphasis in original.

27 Dan Gayman, Articles of Faith and Doctrine for the Churches of Israel, Diocese of Manasseh, United States of America (Schell City, Mo.: Church of Israel, 1982), pp. 14-16.

28 Ibid., p. 17, emphasis in original; “Organic Farming,” Watchman 11 (Fall 1988), p. 10; “Home Schooling Going Well,” Watchman 11 (Fall 1988), p. 10; “Home Birthing Going Well,” Watchman 11 (Fall 1988), p. 10; “Life in the Country,” Watchman 11 (Winter 1989), p. 15.

29 John R. Harrell, The Golden Triangle (Flora, 111.: Christian Conservative Church, n.d.), pp. 6-7.

30 Ibid., pp. 8-12,13.

31 Extremism on the Right, p. 7; The Hate Movement Today: A Chronicle of Violence and Disanay (New York: Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B nth, 1988); New York Times, May 19, 1988.

32 C.S.A. Survival Manual (Pontiac, Mo.: CSA Enterprises, 1982), p. 1; Newsletter (Covenant, Sword and the Arm of the Lord) (August-September 1984), p. 2; “ATTACK!,” Newsletter (Covenant, Sword and the Arm of the Lord) (November-December 1984), p. 2, emphasis in original.

33 On rightist legal doctrine, see Aho, The Politics of Righteousness, pp. 47-50.

34 Nehemiah Township Charter and Common Law Contract, County of Kootenai, Idaho, July 12, 1982; Alan D. Sapp, Ideological Justification for Right Wing Extremism: An Analysis of the Nehemiah Township Charter Document (Warrensburg: Center for Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State University, 1986).

35 Nehemiah Township Charter, preamble, emphasis in original.

36 Ibid., articles 4, 6, 12, 13, emphasis in original.

37 Ibid., articles 9, 14, 22.

38 James Bruggen, “Making The Remnant Resolves Official’ (A Personal Experience),” Remnant Resolves Report (n.d.), unpaginated, emphasis in original. Elsewhere in the publication, the author’s name is given as “Bruggenman.”

39 Aho, The Politics of Righteousness, pp. 45-46; Extremism on the Right, pp. 43-45; “George Washington’s Vision,” Idaho Statesman (Boise), September 14, 1980.

40 “United States Christian Posse Association,” pp. 3,10; Ben Cameron, “The Constitutional Republic,” Identity 6, no. 1 (n.d.), pp. 16-17, emphasis in original.

41 Corcoran, Bitter Harvest, pp. 29,49, 77.

Chapter 11

1 On William Pierce, see James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 275. On the National Youth Alliance and the National Alliance, see Frank P. Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985), pp. 129-31.

2 Andrew MacDonald [William Pierce], The Turner Diaries, 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: National Alliance, 1980), pp. 71, 76, emphasis in original.

3 Ibid., p. 210; Andrew Macdonald [pseud.], Hunter (Hillsboro, W.Va.: National Vanguard Books, 1989), p. 157.

4 Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Répons of William Weston (reprint, New York: Bantam, 1977), p. 57.

5 This account is based on the narrative in Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood: inside America s Racist Underground (New York: Free Press, 1989), especially pp. 95-99,110,193, 201-6, 228, 247, 249, 252, 392-99.

6 Flynn and Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood, pp. 81, 93, 140, 194; [Pierce], The Turner Diaries, p. 73; Aho, The Politics of Righteousness, pp. 62-63; “An Oath to Read and One to Ponder,” From the Mountain (September-October 1987), p. 10.

7 Bob LeRoy, “My Interview with Mrs. Bob Mathews,” Alarming Cry (Spring 1989), p. 8; Flynn and Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood, pp. 25-26, 84, 120, 249, 252; “Racist Women,” “Sally Jessy Raphael” transcript 613, air date, January 9, 1991.

8 FBI Memorandum from Special Agent in Charge, Butte, Montana, to “All Agents,” October 2, 1984; Flynn and Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood, pp. 8, 89, 248, 282.

9 Flynn and Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood, pp. 119, 140, 144, 206; David Eden Lane, “Statement to the World by the Holy Order of the Bruder Schweigen,” Calling Our Nation, no. 53 (1987), pp. 11-12. David Lane has also had significant links to the Odinist movement.

10 Robert C. Mansker, “First Blood,” Calling Our Nation, no. 47 (n.d.), p. 22.

11 Dan Gayman, Articles of Faith and Doctrine for the Churches of Israel, Diocese of Manasseh, United States of America (Schell City, Mo.: Church of Israel, 1982), p. 16, emphasis in original; Watchman 11 (Winter 1989), pp. 11-12, emphasis in original.

12 Identity (Burnaby, British Columbia) 47 (September 1985), back cover.

13 Flynn and Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood, pp. 160-64, 193-95.

14 Eckard Toy, “‘Promised Land’ or Armageddon?: History, Survivalists, and the Aryan Nations in the Pacific Northwest,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 36 (Summer 1986): 82.

15 Joel Garreau, The Nine Nations ofNorth America (Boston: Hough ton Mifflin, 1981), pp. 250-51, 300-301, 310; Callenbach, Ecotopia.

16 Aho, The Politics of Righteousness, p. 58; Background Report on Racist and Far-Right Organizing in the Pacific Northwest (Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal, n.d.), p. 4. The Background Report incorrectly identifies Robert Miles as an Aryan Nations leader. A photocopy of the Butler letter appears in Aryan Nations, Far Right Underground Movement (Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal, 1986), p. 8. Robert Miles, “Mountain Free State,” From the Mountain (July-August 1982), pp. 1-4.

17 Miles, “Mountain Free State,” p. 4; “Five States Is All We Ask,” From the Mountain (March-April 1985), p. 7.

18 Miles, “Mountain Free State,” pp. 3-4.

19 “Five States Is All We Ask,” pp. 7-8.

20 “Separatists Launch New Nation,” WAR 5, no. 3 (1986), p. 1.

21 “What We Taught,” From the Mountain (March-April 1985), p. 5; Miles, “Mountain Free State,” pp. 1-2.

22 David Lane, “Migration,” Calling Our Nation, no. 59 (1989), p. 8; John C. Calhoun [sic], “Of Man, God, and War—Thoughts from the Fifth Era,” Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert, no. 5 (1984), p. 10.

23 Louis R. Beam, Jr., “Seditious Conspiracy,” supplement bound into Calling Our Nation, no. 58, pp. 15-16; Seditionist 1 (Winter 1988), p. 2.

24 “Being Honest,” From the Mountain (March-April 1985), p. 9; “Five States Is All We Ask,” p. 7.

25 Beam, “Seditious Conspiracy,” pp. 19, 21, emphasis in original.

26 “The Out Trek,” From the Mountain (March-April 1985), p. 8; “Aryan Renaissance,” Calling Our Nation, no. 53 (1987), pp. 1-2.

27 New York Times, February 18, 19, 28, April 8, 1988; “The Trial at Fort Smith,” From the Mountain (March-April 1988), pp. 1-4.

28 Michael Barkun, “Reflections after Waco: Millennialists and the State,” Christian Century 110 (June 2-9, 1993): 596-600.

29 New York Times, September 1, 1992, July 9, 1993.

Chapter 12

1 An unknown but very small number of American British-Israelites did not follow the transformation to Christian Identity described here, and I know of no data on their social backgrounds. The British-Israel movement in the United Kingdom itself has shrunk dramatically, so that the British-Israel-World Federation now claims only seven hundred members and conspicuously lacks the aristocratic patrons that were once its ornament. Interview with A. E. Gibb, secretary of the British-Israel-World Federation, London, June 1992. The only detailed social background study of Identity believers appears in James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), chap. 7. His large but nonrandom sample shows Identity believers to be similar to their non-Identity neighbors, although somewhat better educated. Despite the nonrandom nature of the sample, Aho went to great pains to control for distorting effects, and there is no reason to doubt the validity of his conclusions. Insofar as his observations bear on a comparison with British-Israelism, two comments are in order. First, Idaho, where he conducted his research, is a relatively nonurban state. Second, his data show the conspicuous absence in Identity of the kind of high government officials, ranking military officers, and persons of social prominence who often set the tone of Anglo-Israelism.

2 Roy Wallis, Salvation and Protest: Studies of Social and Religious Movements (New York: St. Martin’s, 1979), p. 44. The principal formulation is Colin Campbell, “The Cult, the Cultic Milieu and Secularization,” A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain (London: SCM Press, 1972), 5:119-36.

3 “God’s Silent Witnesses,” Americas Promise Newsletter (January 1988), pp. 1-5; “Mysterious Stonehenge,” America s Promise Newsletter (February 1989), pp. 2-3.

4 Barbara Udvary, “Garlic,” New Harmony Christian Crusade Newsletter, no. 47 (December 1988), pp. 8-10; “Industrial Waste Sold as Health Food,” Christian Vanguard Newsletter, no. 175 (November 1988), pp. 9-13; Reginald Bradbury, “U.F.O.’s—Are They a Sign That the End Is Near?,” Christian Vanguard, no. 26 (December 1973), p. 6.

5 Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 281.

6 Interview with Floyd Cochran, December 9, 1992.

Chapter 13

1 New York Times, April 24, August 11, 1995.

2 The Sunday Times (London), February 4, 1996; New York Times, February 11, 1996; April 24, May 4, 1995; Orlando Sentinel, reprinted in Syracuse Post-Standard, April 28, 1995; New York Times, July 5, 1995.

3 Witchcraft and the Illuminati (Zarephath-Horeb, Mo.: Covenant, Sword and Arm of the Lord, 1981), p. 40; Pat Robertson, The New World Order (Dallas: Word Publishing, 1991).

4 Jim Keith, Black Helicopters over America: Strikeforce for the New World Order (Lil-burn, Ga.: IllumiNet Press, 1994); Mark Koernke, America in Peril, videotape.

5 Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1965), pp. 35-36; “The ‘Genesis’ of Revelation’s Mark?,” Relevance (Birmingham, Mich.) 1 (November 23, 1994), pp. 9-10.

6 Dayton Daily News, April 23, 1995; Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1995; Alex Heard, “The Road to Oklahoma City: Inside the World of the Waco-Obsessed Right,” The New Republic 212 (May 15, 1995), pp. 15-20; Arizona Republic, May 16, 1995.

7 William R. Pabst, Concentration Camp Plans for U.S. Citizens (Houston, Tex. [?], 1979), pamphlet; Koernke, America in Peril; New York Times, April 29, 1996; Keith, Black Helicopters, p. 93; “An Urgent Message! You May Not Have a Country After 1995!” (Canton, Mich.: The American Freedom Network, 1995), brochure. The reference to a “Satanic eye” atop a pyramid is an allusion to the Great Seal of the United States, reproduced on the back of the one-dollar bill, and regarded by conspiratorialists as an NWO/ Illuminatist emblem.

8 New York Times, May 31, June 7, 1993.

9 Ibid., May 28, April 22, 1995.

10 See, for example, The Spotlight, May 31, June 7, 1993.

11 Waco: The Big Lie (Indianapolis: American Justice Federation, 1994), videotape; Waco II: The Big Lie Continues (Indianapolis: American Justice Federation, 1994), videotape; Department of Justice, Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas, February 28 to April 19, 1993 (Washington, D.C., 1993), pp. 152, 153; Armed and Dangerous: Militias Take Aim at the Federal Government (New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1994), p. 12. The report of UN tank sightings is in Anson Shupe and Jeffrey K. Hadden, “Cops, News Copy, and Public Opinion,” in Stuart A. Wright, ed., Armageddon in Waco: Critical Perspectives on the Branch Davidian Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 197.

12 Heard, “The Road to Oklahoma City.”

13 Criminal Politics, July 1993, p. 2; William L. Pitts, Jr., “Davidians and Branch Da-vidians: 1929-1987,” in Wright, Armageddon in Waco, pp. 33-35.

14 “Waco Remembrance” press release. In addition to antigovemment polemics on the right, events at Waco occasioned considerable opposition in the academic and religious communities as well. See, for example, Dean M. Kelley, “Waco: A Massacre and Its Aftermath,” FirstThings, no. 53 (May 1995), pp. 22-37; and Michael Barkun, “Millenar-ian Groups and Law Enforcement Agencies: The Lessons of Waco,” Tenorism and Political Violence 6 (1994): 75-95. The quoted inscription appears in Charles Strozier, “Apocalyptic Violence and the Politics of Waco,” unpublished paper.

15 New York Times, April 21, May 20, 1995; Taking Aim (Noxon, Mont.) (December 1994), p. 1.

16 Taking Aim (December 1994), pp. 1, 2, 13.

17 Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood: Inside Americas Racist underground (New York: Free Press, 1989), pp. 260-61.

18 A brief biography of Richard Wayne Snell appears on the inside cover of his privately published book, The Shadow of Death! (Is There Life after Death?). The Shadow of Death!, p. 45.

19 State of Arkansas v. Richard Wayne Snell, Circuit Court of Sevier County, Arkansas, October 1984 (No. CR-84-24), pp. 1347, 1358-59; Flynn and Gerhardt, The SilentBroth-erhood, p. 260; State of Arkansas v. Richard Wayne Snell, p. 1333.

20 State of Arkansas v. Richard Wayne Snell, pp. 1336, 1338; The Shadow ofDeathì, p. ii; State of Arkansas v. Richard Wayne Snell, p. 1257; The Shadow ofDeathì, p. ii.

21 Taking Aim (March 1995), p. 7, emphasis in original. One of the fullest discussions of the April 19 date appears in Eugene V. Gallagher, “Religion and Politics: The Oklahoma City Bombing,” comments at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion, Philadelphia, November 18, 1995.

22 Robert C. Masker, “First Blood,” Calling Our Nation, no. 47 (n.d.), p. 22; “Special Report on the Meeting of Christian Men Held in Estes Park, Colorado, October 23, 24, 25, 1992, Concerning the Killing of Vickie and Samuel Weaver by the United States Government,” p. 25, emphasis in original.

23 For an example of bombing conspiracy theories, see The Spotlight, October 2, 1995.

24 Klanwatch Intelligence Report, no. 79 (August 1995), p. 3; New York Times, May 25, 1995; Newsweek, February 19, 1996, pp. 29-31.

25 New York Times, May 22, 1995; Tulsa Tribune, April 2, 1985; New York Times, May 22, 1995.

26 Flynn and Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood, pp. 257, 259; Tulsa Tribune, April 2, 1985; New York Times, May 25, 1995.

27 State of Arkansas v. Richard Wayne Snell, pp. 1246-48; New York Times, May 20, 1995.

28 New York Times, May 22, 1995.

29 Ibid., July 5, 1995; Andrew MacDonald [William Pierce], The Turner Diaries, 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: National Alliance, 1980), pp. 35-39.

30 Charleston (W.Va.) Daily Mail, April 22, 1995.

31 William L. Pierce, OKC Bombing and America’s Future,” American Dissident Voices (radio series), aired April 29, 1995.

32 David H. Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History, 2d ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 447.

33 Michael Kelly, “The Road to Paranoia,” The New Yorker, June 19, 1995, p. 74. The figure of 100 million presumably refers to troops under UN command.

34 Cheri Seymour, Committee of the States: Inside the Radical Right (Mariposa, Calif.: Camden Place Communications, 1991), p. 275.

35 Syracuse Post-Standard, May 3, 1995; New York Times, November 14, 1994; Beyond the Bombing: The Militia Movement Grows (New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1995), p. 1; Klanwatch Intelligence Report, no. 78 (June 1995), p. 1; New York Times, April 17, 1994; March 27, 1996.

36 Central Michigan Regional Militia Manual I-l (1994), pp. 5-6.

37 The Spotlight, August 28, 1995.

38 Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style, p. 4.

39 Field Manual Section 1 : Principles Justifying the Arming and Organizing of a Militia (The Free Militia, 1994), pp. 4, 8, 11; Central Michigan Regional Militia Manual, pp. 5, 6; Washington Post, May 20, 1995.

40 List of “Recorded Messages from the 1992 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous” (flyer). Bennett, The Party of Fear, p. 444; Klanwatch Intelligence Report, no. 79 (August 1995), p. 4; Spokane Spokesman-Review, October 30, 1994.

41 Washington Post, May 18, 1995.

42 USA Today, May 16, 1995; Washington Post, May 18, 1995.

43 New York Times, September 15, 13, October 20, August 12, 16, 1995.

44 Ibid., July 27, 28, 1995. Earlier administrative inquiries are described in Department of Justice, Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Wczco, and Department of the Treasury, Repon of the Department of the Treasury on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Investigation of Vemon Wayne Howell also known as David Koresh (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1993).

45 For scholarly critiques, see Wright, Armageddon in Waco, and James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher, Why Waco?: Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).

46 Andrew MacDonald [William Pierce], Hunter (Hillsboro, W.Va.: National Vanguard Books, 1989), pp. 179,157.

47 Richard Kelly Hoskins, Our Nordic Race (privately published, 1975), pp. 5, 18, 24, 30; idem, Vigilantes of Christendom: The Story of the Phineas Priesthood (Lynchburg, Va.: The Virginia Publishing Co., 199), p. 32.

48 Hoskins, Vigilantes of Christendom, pp. 434, 435.

49 Klanwatch Intelligence Report, no. 70 (December 1993), p. 8.

50 Louis Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” in “Special Report on the Meeting of Christian Men,” pp. 20-23.

51 Central Michigan Regional Militia Manual, p. 5; Southern Michigan Regional Militia Manual 4–8 (1995), not paginated.

52 Taking Aim 1, no. 8 (1994), pp. 2, 3; The Spotlight, September 18, 1995.

53 Taking Aim 1, no. 8 (1994), pp. 2, 3; The Spotlight, September 18, 1995.

54 Taking Aim 2, no. 2 (April 1995), pp. 4, 17, emphasis in original.

55 “Special Report on the Meeting of Christian Men,” pp. 1, 24; Hoskins, Vigilantes of Christendom, pp. 32-33.

56 James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 14; National Law Journal, June 26, 1995; Field Manual Section 1, p. 44, emphasis in original.

57 Field Manual Section I, p. 31, emphasis in original; National Law Journal, June 26, 1995; “United States Christian Posse Association,” Identity 6 ([1972]), p. 2.

58 Field Manual Section 1, p. 54; Taking Aim 2, no. 4 (June 1995), p. 2, emphasis in original.

59 New York Times, April 17, 1994; March 27, 1996.

60 “Common Law Memorandum, Rodney O. Skurdal vs. de facto corporation state of Montana, Roundup, Montana, October 28, 1994,” p. 14. The document also bears the title “Edict,” by which it was often referred to in news media accounts. Washington Post, April 9, 1996; New York Times, April 12, 28, 1996.

61 “Common Law Memorandum,” p. 11, emphasis in original.

62 New York Times, February 16, 25, March 8, 1996; List of “Recorded Messages from the 1992 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.”

63 Texe Marrs, Dark Majesty: The Secret Brotherhood and the Magic of a Thousand Points of Light (Austin, Tex.: Living Truth Publishers, 1992). Broader interest in Robertson’s New World Order was the result of two articles: Michael Lind, “Rev. Robertson’s Grand International Conspiracy Theory,” The New York Review of Books 42 (February 2, 1995), pp. 21-25, and Michael Lind and Jacob Heilbrun, “On Pat Robertson,” The New York Review of Books 42 (April 20, 1995), pp. 71-76. For Robertson’s disavowals of anti-Semitism, see New York Times, March 4, 1995, and “An Open Letter from Christian Coalition,” The Forward (New York), March 31, 1995. Nesta Webster was an English anti-Semitic writer of the interwar period. Eustace Mullins, a protégé of Ezra Pound, writes prolifically on anti-Semitic and conspiracy topics.

64 Michael Barkun, “Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge: The Basis for a New Age Racism?,” paper presented at Harry F. Guggenheim Foundation conference on “Brotherhoods of Race and Nation: The Emergence of a Violent Euro-American Racist Subculture,” New Orleans, December 8-11, 1995; Mathew Kalman and John Murray, “New-age Nazism,” New Statesman and Society, June 23, 1995, pp. 18-20.