The history of Dutchess County, New York

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The year of the tercentennial celebration of the discovery of theHudson River seems an eminently fit time for the publication of ahistory of one of the most important counties whose shores are washedby its waters.

The early establishment of trading posts, at its mouth, Manhattan(New York), at the head of navigation, Fort Orange (Albany), andat the mouth of the Rondout, half way between these two places,Esopus (Kingston), determined the first locations along the river'sbanks for permanent settlements, but as immigrants came in largernumbers it was not long before they were attracted by the waterpowers of the Fishliill, Wappingers, Caspers Kill, Fallkill, CrumElbow, Landsman's Kill and Roeliff Jansen's Kill, and the fine farm-ing lands in the valleys of these streams, to seek new homes and beginthe settlement of our county.

Along the river, naturally, the predominant race of the originalsettlers was Dutch, with a sprinkling of French Huguenots, whilelater a considerable number of Palatines were settled in the northernpart of the county.

The early settlement of the eastern part of the county through thelength of the Harlem Valley was made by people from the New Eng-land Colonies, aU that part of New York State being originallyclaimed as belonging to and embraced within the New England grantsof land.

The Quakers, forming a large element in the settlement of the east-ern and northeastern bounds of the county, were among those whocame from New England, seeking to escape the intolerance of theirnarrow minded neighbors, and to secure freedom for religious opinionand expression and practice, insistence upon which has been a notedcharacteristic of the Dutch people for centuries.

It win be seen also from the pages of this history that there wasan infusion of the Irish Catholic element into the county long beforethe time of the great Irish famine, to which period, to be sure, mostof the Irish Catholic immigration must be assigned, for it appears

that there were many Irish Catholic soldiers in the armies of theRevolution quartered in this vicinity, some of whom, with their fam-ilies, settled here at the end of the war.

It will appear from the Church history, which has been most care-fully compiled for this work, that in early times there were even morecreeds and denominations in the county than there were differentnationalities; and it will be quite apparent to the thoughtful studentthat while certain settlements along the river, as particularly Pough-keepsie, at the earliest dates, were somewhat homogeneous in raceand religion, and might have been truly designated as Dutch settle-ments, the county as a whole, started as a cosmopolitan community.

Dutchess County does not present a virgin field for the historian.It has already been cultivated to a considerable extent.

In 1877 Philip H. Smith, of PawHng, N. Y., published a "GeneralHistory of Dutchess County from 1609 to 1876 inclusive." His book,which is now somewhat rare, shows an immense amount of work ofinvestigation, a great fund of general information and traditiongathered by its author, and it has preserved many valuable facts anddocuments relating to the history of the county.

Frequent use has been made in the preparation of the present workof the material gathered by Mr. Smith in his history, and due rec-ognition is made to him for the same.

Mr. Smith has also written several of the chapters on the differenttowns, and no one in the community is as well qualified as he to dothe work that he has contributed to this volume.

In 1882 there was published by D. Mason & Company, of Syracuse,a "History of Dutchess County, New York, with illustrations andbiographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers," byJames H. Smith; and in 1897 there was published by J. H. Beers &Company, of Chicago (no author) a "Commemorative BiographicalRecord of Dutchess County, N. Y., containing Biographical Sketchesof prominent and representative citizens and of many of the earlysettled families." The latter was merely a compilation of sketches,mostly autobiographical. The historical matter of James H. Smith'sbook was taken mostly from Philip H. Smith's history.

printed a little book entitled "Local Tales and Historical Sketches"by Henry D. B. Bailey.

This is merely a compilation of a few old woman tales and localtraditions of no historical value.

Mr. Bailey, in his preface, stated that "he intended to write ahistory," but he never did.

Prior to this in 1866, Dean & Spaight published for T. VanWyckBrinkerhoof, a "Historical Sketch of the Town of Fishkill," which isquite rare, but is full of accurate and interesting information.

In 1875, DeLacey & Wiley, printers at Amenia, published an*'Early History of Amenia" by Newton Reed, containing muchgenealogical and historical information well worth preservation.

In 1897, Charles Walsh & Company, printers at Amenia, publishedVolume 1 of a "History of Little Nine Partners of Northeast Pre-cinct and Pine Plains, New York, Dutchess Coufety," by Isaac Huntt-ing. Pine Plains, N. Y.

This is said by its author to be "A compilation and revision ofsketches published in the Amenia Times, Dutchess Farmer, Pough-heepsie Telegraph and Pine Plains Register."

There are many documents of the early times published and pre-served in this valuable work, and a great deal of accurate historicalinformation concerning the early history and families of the locality,mixed with some tradition.

The author very modestly prints as a prefatory motto, "A littlepreserved is better than all lost."

Unfortunately, as we are informed, his book did not meet with suchappreciation as its author seemed to think that it deserved, and as itreally did deserve, and so in a fit of pique, he is reported to haveburned a large part of the edition which was left upon his hands.Volume II never appeared.

In 1881, Edward M. Smith, as author, published a "DocumentaryHistory of Rhinebeck in Dutchess County, N. Y., embracing BiographicalSketches and Genealogical Records of our First Families and FirstSettlers, with a History of its Churches and other Public Institu-tions." This is a creditable and useful work, worthy of the historicalimportance of Rhinebeck Precinct.

Only last year the eminent lawyer, Howard H. Morse, now of Tarry-town, N. Y., formerly of Rhinebeck, published a volume entitled "His-

toric Old Rhinebeck," which is a handsome book, full of interestinginformation concerning his old home town and its people.

Richard Francis Maher, the Town Clerk of Dover, has recentlyprivately published a pamphlet entitled "Historic Dover."

The historical matter contained therein has been made the basis ofthe chapter on the Town of Dover, written by Mr. Maher.

AH of these previous works, both county histories and town his-tories, have been freely laid under tribute in the preparation of thepresent work, due credit in all cases being given; and the editor desiresto acknowledge his obligation to their authors and publishers.

He desires to say, however, that all matters of tradition have beenahnost wholly ignored, for it is his experience, gained in long years \of historical and genealogical research, that tradition is mostly in- .accurate, if not wholly false.

It has been his intention in the preparation of this history to goonly to authentic sources and to publish only facts, backed up in allpossible cases by documentary evidence. For that purpose not onlyhave the records of the County Clerk's office been searched, but thoseof the office of the Secretary of State, the War Office at Washington,and the collections of the Historical Society of New York in an en-deavor to publish a true history.

The desire and purpose have been to make and to present throughthis history a veracious record of the people and of the events of thepast, showing the very earliest settlements, the various patents andgrants, who were the pioneers, who were the earliest inhabitants, whobegan the settlement and cultivation of the county, who fought thebattles of their country in the Colonial, the Revolutionary and laterperiods, who were prominent in civil life and took part in the govern-ment of the county and management of town affairs and controlledthe policies of their times, as the actors in the religious, military,political and business affairs of the county.

It is to be hoped that the book will prove a useful reference workfor all who wish to trace back their lineage to earlier times and tolearn of the doings of their ancestors.

A new map of the county has been prepared from the most authen-tic sources of government surveys upon which, through the kindassistance of Mr. Adrian C. Rapelje, County Engineer, all the mainimproved highways, mostly State roads, are shown.

It will be interesting to compare the showing of roads upon this latestmap with the plates of CoUes' road map published in 1789 which,through the kindness and courtesy of Mr. Stuyvesant Fish, the pub-lisher of this history has been allowed to reproduce.

The chapter translating from the French original the account ofthe early travels of the Marquis de Chastellux through our county,down the Harlem Valley and up along the Hudson, made in 1780 and1782, should be interesting as giving the views of a keen observer inthat early time of the beauties and possibilities of our lovely county,which have materialized even beyond the most optimistic prophesiesof this observant and far-seeing French sympathizer with our newcountry.

The special articles in the history on the various towns, on thebench and bar, on the medical profession, on the churches, on Free-masonry and on the Quakers, have been entrusted to and written bythe men in each case most eminently fitted for the task.

For their interest and assistance they are entitled to and have thesincere thanks of both publisher and editor.

Accuracy and veracity have been the constant aim of the editor,and he desires to express his appreciation of his invariably pleasantrelations with the publisher, Mr. Samuel A. Matthieu, who, in themost liberal spirit, has met and fully satisfied all the demands andrequirements made upon him by the editor, to the attainment of thatend.

No doubt a better history could be made, but this work is put forthwith the confident expectation that the subscribers and readers willconfirm the sincere belief that the conscientious and faithful efforts ofits publisher have produced the best history of the County of Dutchessup to the present time.

FROM an account given by John de Verazzano, a Florentine, sail-ing in the service of France, it is believed he entered the harborof New York in 1524. No results followecyhis voyage, and it isnot known that New York was again visited by Europea,ns till 1609*when Henry Hudson, an Enghshman by birth, set sail from Amsterdam,Holland, April 4th, 1609, under the auspices of the Dutch East IndiaCompany, with a commission to discover the Northwest Passage, or toverify the dream of geographers of that period of a short cut betweenEurope and China. His vessel, a yacht of eighty tons burden called"Halve Maan," the "Half Moon," was manned by a crew of twenty sail-ors, partly Dutch and partly English. In the month of July Hudsonreached Newfoundland, and passing to the coast of Maine, spent somedays in repairing his ship, which had been shattered in a storm. Sail-ing thence southward, he touched at Cape Cod, and by the middle ofAugust found himself as far south as the Chesapeake. Again heturned to the north, determined to examine the coast more closely, andon the 28th of the month anchored in Delaware Bay. From thence heproceeded northward, and appears to have crossed the bar now calledSandy Hook on the third day of September. He remained in the bayseveral days making surveys and trafficking with the Indians. On thesixth, five of the crew were sent in a boat to examine the channel. Theysounded the Narrows and proceeded to Newark Bay, but on the re-turn, for some unexplained reason, were attacked by the natives in twocanoes, and John Colman, who had accompanied Hudson in his Polarexplorations, was killed by an arrow shot in his throat, and two of hiscompanions were wounded. Colman was buried at Sandy Hook, and

Colman's Point, where his remains were interred, perpetuates the mem-ory of the first European victim of the natives in these waters.^ Onthe eighth Hudson permitted two Indians to board his vessel, whom hedetained and dressed in red coats. The following day he moved cau-tiously through the Narrows, and anchored In New York harbor onthe eleventh. September 12th he commenced the memorable journeyup the picturesque river which bears his name. In the journal mwhich he recorded his daily doings, are found the following interestingnotes of his voyage and his intercourse with the natives.^

"The thirteenth, faire weather, the wind northly. At seven of the clocke in themorning, as the floode came wee weighed, and turned four miles into the river.The tide being done wee anchored. Then there came four canoes aboord, but wesuffered none of them to come into our ship. They brought great stores of verygood oysters which wee bought for trifles. In the night I set the variation Of thecompasse and found it to be thirteen degrees. In the afternoone wee weighed andturned in with the floode two leagues, two leagues and a half further we anchoredall night, and had five fathoms of soft ozie ground, and had a high point of landwhich showed out to us bearing north by east five leagues of us.

"The fourteenth, in the morning being very faire weather, the wind southwest,we sailed up the river twelve leagues, and had five fathoms and five fathoms and aquarter lesse and came to a straight between two points, and had eight, nine andten fathoms, and it trended northwest by north one league, and we had twelve,thirteen and fourteen fathoms. The river is a mile broad; there is very high landon both sides. Then wee went up northwest a league and a halfe, deepe water,then northwest by north five miles, then northwest by north two leagues and an-chored. The land grew very high and moimtainous. The river is full of fish.

"The fifteenth, in the morning was misty until the stmne arose; then it cleared.So wee weighed with the wind at south and ran up the river twentie leagues passingby high mountains. Wee had a very good depth, as six, seven, eight, nine, twelveand thirteen fathoms, and great store of salmons in the river. This morning ourtwo savages got out of a port and swam away. After wee were under saGl theycalled to us in scome. At night wee came to other mountains which lie from theriver's side. There wee found very loving people and very old men, where wee werewell used. Our boat went to fish and caught great store of very good fish.

"The sixteenth faire and very hot weather. In the morning our boat went againto fishing, but could catch but few by reason their canoes had been there all night.This morning the people came aboord and brought us ears of Indian come andpompions and tobacco, which we bought for trifles. Wee rode still all day andfilled fresh water, at night wee weighed and went two leagues higher and hadshoaled iwater so wee anchored all day.

2. The Jaurnal of Hudson's voyage up the North River, will be found In N. Y. Biat*8oc. Trans. I, IK.

"The seventeenth, faire sunshining weather and very hot. In the morning assoon as the sun was up, wee set sail and run up six leagues higher and found shoalsin the middle of the channel and small islands, but seven fathoms water on bothsides. Towards night wee borrowed^ so near the shore that wee grounded, so welayed out our small anchor and heaved off againe. Then wee borrowed on the bankin the channel and came aground againe. While the flood ran wee hoved off andanchored all night.

"The eighteenth in the morning was faire weather, and wee rode still. In theafternoone our master's mate went on land with an old savage, a governor of thecountrie, who carried him to his house and made him good cheere.

"The nineteenth was faire and hot weather. At the floode, being near eleven ofthe clocke, wee weighed and ran higher up two leagues above the shoals, and hadno lesse water than five. Wee anchored and rode in eight fathoms. The peopleof the countrie came flocking aboord and brought us grapes and pompions whichwe bought for trifles. And many brought us bever skinnes and otter skinnes whichwee bought for beades, knives and hatchets. So we rode there all night.

"The twentieth in the morning was faire weather. Our master's mate with fourmen more went up with our boat to sound the river, and found two leagues aboveus but two fathoms water and the channel very narrow, and above that place be-tween seven or eight fathoms. Toward night they returned and wee rode still allnight.

"The one-and-twentieth was faire weather and the wind all southerly. We de-termined yet once more to go further up into the river, to try what depth andbreadth it did beare, but much people resorted aboord, so we went not this day.Our carpenter went on land and made a foreyard, and our master and mate de-termined to try some of the chief men of the countrie whether they had anytreacherie in them. So they took them down into the cabin and gave them as muchwine and aqua-vitae that they were all merrie, and one of them had his .wife with himwho sat as modestly as any of our countrie-women would do in a strange place.In the end one of them was drunke which had been aboord of our ship all the timewe had been there; and that was strange to them for they could not tell how totake it. The canoes and folks went all on 'shore, but some of them came againand brought stropes of beades, some had six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and gave him.So he slept all night quietly.

"The two-and-twentieth was faire weather. In the morning our master's mateand foure more of our companie, went up with our boat to sound the river higherup. The people of the countrie came not aboord tiU noone, but when they cameand saw the savages well they were glad. So at three of the clock in the aften-noone they came aboord and brought tobacco and more beades, and gave them toour master, and an oration, and showed him the countrie all around about. Thenthey sent one of their companie on land, who presently returned, and brought a greatplatter full of venison, dressed by themselves, and they caused him to eat withIhem. Then they made him reverence and departed, all save the old man that lay

1. Borrow,—nautical term, "take shelter." To approach either land or the wind closely.Century Dictionary.

aboord. This night at ten of the clocke our boat returned in a shower of raine,from sounding Of the river, and found it to be at an end for shipping to goe in.For they had been up eight or nine leagues and found but seven foot water and un-constant soundings.

"The three-and-twentieth faire weather; at twelve of the clocke wee weighed andwent down two leagues, to a shoal that had two channels, one on one side and an-other on the other, and had little wind, whereby the tide layed us upon it. So therewee sat on the ground the space of an hour, till the floode came. Then we had alittle gale of vidnd at the west. So wee got our ship into deepe water and rode allnight very well.

"The four-and-twentieth was faire weather and the wind at the northwestj weeweighed and went down the river seven or eight leagues, and at hal^e ebb weecame on ground on a bank of oze in the middle of the river, and sate there tUl thefloode. Then wee went on Vaad and gathered good store of chestnuts. At ten of^:he clocke wee came off into deepe water and anchored.

"The five-and-twentieth was faire weather, and the wind at south a stiffe gale.Wee rode stiU and went on land to walke of the west side of the river, and foundgood ground for corne and other garden herbs, with a great store of goodly oakes,and walnut-trees, and chestnut-trees, ewe-trees and trees of sweet wood in greatabundance, and great store of slate for houses and other good stones.

"The sixth-and-twentieth was faire weather, and the wind at the south a stifFegale. Wee rode stiU. In the morning our carpenter went on land with the master'smate, and foure more of our companie, to Cut wood. This morning two canoescame up the river from the place wee first found loving people, and in one of themwas the old man that had layen aboord of us at the other place. He brought an-other old man with him, which brought more stropes of beades, and gave them toour master, and showed him all the countrie thereabout, as though it were at hiscommand. So he made the two old men dine with him, and the old man's wife^for they brought two old women and two young maidens of the age of sixteen orseventeene yeares with them, who behaved themselves very modestly. Our mastergave one of the old men a knife, and they gave him and us tobacco. And at oneof the clocke they departed down the river, making signes that wee should comedown to them, for wee were within two leagues of the place where they dwelt.

"At seven-and-twentieth in the morning was faire weather, but much wind atnorth; wee weighed and set our foretop sayle, and our ship would not flot, butran on the ozie bank at halfe ebbe. Wee layed out anchor to heave her off butcould not, so we sate from halfe ebbe to halfe floode; then wee set our fore sayleand main top sayle and got down six leagues. The old man came aboord andwould have had us anchor and go on land to eat with him, but the wind beingfaire wee would not yield to his request, so he left us being very sorrowful for ourdeparture. At five of the clocke in the afternoone the wind came to the south-south-west. So wee made a board or two and anchored in fourteen fathoms waterThen our boat went on shore to fish, right against the ship. Our master's mate,and boat swaine and three more of the companie went on land to fish, but could

not find a good place. They tooke four or five and twenty Mullets, Breames,Bases and Barbils, and returned in an hour. Wee rode still all night.

"The eight-and-twentieth being faire weather, as soon as the day was light, weeweighed at halfe ebbe and turned down two leagues bylowe water. At three of theclocke in the afternoone wee weighed, and turned down three leagues until it wasdark; then wee anchored.

"The nine-and-twentieth was dry, close weather, the wind at south and south bywest; wee weighed early in the morning and turned down three leagues by lowewater and anchored at the lower end of the long reach,i for it is six leagues long.Then there came certain Indians in a canoe to us but would not come aboord. Af-ter dinner there came the canoe with other men, whereof three came aboord us.They brought Indian wheat which wee bought for trifles. At three of the clockein the afternoon wee weighed as soon as the ebbe came, and turned downe to theedge of the mountains and anchored, because the high land hath many points, anda narrow channel, and hath many eddie winds. So wee rode quietly all night inseven fathoms water.

"The thirtieth was faire weather and the wind at southeast a stiffe gale betweenthe mountains. Wee rode still the afternoone. The people of the countrie cameaboord us and brought some small skinnes with them which wee bought for knivesand trifles. This is a very pleasant place to build a towne on. The road is verynear and very goode for all winds, save an east-north-east wind. The mountayneslook as if some metal or mineral were in them. For the trees that grow on themwere all blasted, and some of them barren with a few or no trees on them. Thepeople brought a stone aboord like to emery (a stone used by glasiers to cut glass),it would cut iron or steel. Yet being bruised small and water put to it, it made acolour like blackeleade glistening. It is also good for painters colours. At threeof the clocke they departed and wee rode still all night.

"The first of October faire weather, the wind variable between the west andnorth. In the morning wee weighed at seven of the clocke with the ebbe arid gotdowne below the mountaynes which was seven leagues. Then it fell calme and theflood was come, and wee anchored at twelve of the clocke. The people of themountaynes came aboord us, wondering at our ships and weapons. Wee boughtsome small skinnes of them for trifles. This afternoone one canoe kept hangjingunder our sterne with one man in it, which wee could not keep from thence, whogot Up by our rudder to the cabin window and stole out my pillow and two shirtsand two bandeleeres. Our master's mate shot at him and strooke him on the brestand killed him. Whereupon all the rest fled away, some in their canoes arid someleapt out of them into the water.

"Wee manned our boat and got our things againe. Then one of them thatSwamme got hold of our boat, tUnking to overthrow it. But our cooke took a

1. The stretches of current between the ditferent points and bends of the shore of theHudson, were named "reaches" or in the Dutch Vernacular "racks." The Long Reach—also termed Fisher's (Vischer's) Reach—extended from the northern gate of the High-lands to Crom Elbow, a distance of about twenty miles. This, undoubtedly, is the earliestreference to the reaches of this river that occurs in any European language. [Editoe.]

sword and cut one of his hands, and he was drowned. By this time the ebbe wascome, and wee weighed and got downe two leagues, by that time it was dark, sowe anchoijed io foftr fathoms water and rode well. '

"The seconde, faire weather, at break of day wee weighed the wind being atnorthwest and gqtrflown seven leagues; then the flood was come strong so weeanchored. Then came one of the salvages that swamme away from us at our goingup: the river, with, piany other, thinking to betray us, but wee perceived their in-tent and suffered none of them to enter our ship. Whereupon two canoes full ofmen with their bowes and arrow's shot at us after our steme; in recompence where-of wee discharged; sdx musketsi and killed two or three of them, then about anhundted of themcame to a point of land to shoot at us. There I shot a falcon atthem and killed ;tSTO of them, whereupon the rest fled into the woods. Yet theym^un^d off another .canoe, with nine or ten men which came to meet us. So I shotat it also a falcott, and shot it through and killed one of them. Then our men withItoir, muskets killed, three or four more of them so they went their w^y within awhile after wee got downe two leagues beyond that place, and anchored in a bay,oleere from all danger of them, on the other side of the river -where wee saw a verygood,piece of ground, and hard by it there was a cliffe, that looked of the colourof a white green as; though it were either copper or silver mayne, and I think it tobe ope, of them by the trees that grow upon it for they be all burned, and the otherplaces; are greene a? grasse, it is on that side of the river that is called Manna-hatta.There wee saw no people to trouble, us, and rode quietly all night; but had muchwind and rains.

"The third was very stonnie; the wind at east-north-east. In the morning in agust of wind and ralne, our anchor came home, and wee drove on ground; but it wasozie. - Then as, we were about to have out an anchor, the wind came to the north-northwest and drove us off agajnct Then wee shot an anchor and let it fall infoure fathoms water and weighed the other. Wee had much wind and raine, withthick weather, so wee rode still,all night.

"The fourth, was faire weather, and the wind at north-northwest, wee weighedand came out of the river into which wee had runne so farre. Within a whileafter. \vee came out also of the great mouth of the great river that runneth up tothe. northwest,; borrowing upon the norther side of the same, thinking to have deepewater;,, for wee had sounded a great way with our boat at our first going in, andfound seveuj six, and five fathoms. So wee came out that way but wee were-de-ceived,, for wee had but eight foot and a half water, and so to three fathoms and ahalfe. And then three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten fathom's. Andby, twelve of the clocke wee were cleere of all the inlet. Then wee tooke in ourboat and set our main sayle and sprit sayle and our top sayles, and steered awayeast southea^st and southeast by east, off into the mayne Isea; and the land on thesouther side of the bay did beare at noone west and south foure leagues from us.

"The,.fifth wa)s faire weather and the wind variable between the north and theeast. Wee held on our course southeast by east. At noone I observed and foundour height to be thirty-nine degrees thirty minutes. Our compasse varied six de-grees to the west.

"Wee continued our course toward England, without seeing any land by the way,all the rest of this month of October. And on the seventh day of November, stilonouv, being Saturday by the grace of God, wee safely arrived in the range of Dart-mouth, in Devonshire, in the yeere 1609."

In 1610 a second vessel was sent over by the shrewd merchants ofAmsterdam, and a successful trade was opened with the natives alongthe river.^ Other vessels followed in the three succeeding years, all ofwhich returned with rich cargoes of furs. In 1614 the States Generalof Holland granted a charter to the merchants engaged in these ex-peditions under the title of United New Netherlands Company, givingexclusive privileges of trade for four years. Foremost in these busi-ness ventures were Captains Hendrick Christiansen, John DeWitt,Adrian Block and Cornelius Jacobsen Mey. Block and Mey directedtheir explorations along the coasts of Long Island and New Jersey,while Captain DeWitt sailed up the North River and gave his name toone of the Islands near Red Hook. Hendrick Christiansen ascendedthe stream to Castle Island where he established a trading post. Atthe expiration of their charter so profitable had the fur trade become,that the States General refused to renew it, giving instead a temporarylicense for its continuance.

The energies of the Dutch were directed more to commerce thancolonization, and up to 1628 no systematic attempt at colonizing wasmade. Settlements commenced at New Amsterdam, Paulus Hook andadjacent neighborhoods resulted in conflicts and massacres. Thesehostilities, however, have no direct reference to this County, which hadnot a single white settler during the whole period of Dutch occupancy.

1. This river was called by the Iroquois the Cohatatea, while the Mohicans and theLenapes called it the Mahioanituk. The Dutch gave it the name of Mauritius river, asearl; as 1611, in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau. The English, in recognition of thework of the explorer, conferred the title of Hudson's River.

WHEN European explorers penetrated into the valley of theHudson, they found it peopled by sub-tribes of the greatAlgonquin nation. The Mohicans occupied the countryalong the east bank of the Hudson, from a site opposite Albany downto the Tappan Sea, and eastward a distance of ten or fifteen milesalong the streams wich formed the pathways of aboriginal commerce.They were, says Rev. John Heckewelder, who spent forty years amongthe Indians as a Moravian missionary, a branch of the Lenni Lenapeor Delaware family, who occupied the west side of the Hudson fromits mouth up as far as the CatskiU, and westward to the headwaters ofthe Delaware and Susquehanna rivers.

The territory of the Wappingers,^ a tribal division of the Mo-hicans, covered the major portion of Dutchess County. Their govern-ment scarcely differed from that of the Mohicans and other branchesof the Delawares. Each tribe had its sachem and counsellorsj whomade their own laws, treaties, etc. These, says Loskiel, "were eitherexperienced warriors or aged and respectable fathers of families."Likewise each had its specific device or totem denoting original con-sanguinity. Although the prevailing totem of all the Hudson Rivercantons was the Wolf, borne alike by Minsis, Wappingers and Mo-hicans," the particular symbol of the Wappingers was the opossum,tatooed on the person of the Indian, and often rudely painted on thegable-end of his cabin. I

The Wappingers were a peaceful tribe, and manifested a friendlyfeeling toward the white settlers at Rondout in Ulster County, whomthey visited frequently, their canoes ladened with fish and venison

1. A corruption of wabun, east and ocfti^ land, which as applied hy the Indians them-selves, may be rendered Eastlanders. The Dutch historians are responsible for Wwfpina-ers, perhaps from their rendering of the sound of the original word, and perhaps asexpressing the fact that they were, In the Dutch language, wapen, or half-armed Indians.IniUan Tribes of Hudson's River, SlO-Sni.,2. Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, 50.

which they traded for powder, lead and brandy. They took no gen-eral part in the Esopus wars, except to act as mediators, and to as-sist in effecting a satisfactory exchange of prisoners between theDutch and the Esopus Indians.

Of the chief sachems of this tribe four names appear inofficial documents. One is that of Goethals, who was presentat a treaty of peace concluded with certain tribes of River Indians,March 6, 1660, by Peter Stuyvesant. At the last treaty con-cluded by Stuyvesant with the Indians, May 16, 1664, Tseessaghgaw,a chief of the Wappingers participated in behalf of that tribe. Thename of Megriesken, sachem of the Wappinger Indians, appears in anIndian deed, dated August 8, 1683, for lands embraced in the Rom-bout Patent, while Daniel Ninham, who was made chief sachem of theWappingers in 1740, distinguished himself not l^s by his persistenteffort to recover lands included in the Philipse Patent, of which histribe were defrauded, than by his tragic death at the battle of Court-land Ridge, Westchester County where he and some forty of his fol-lowers, including his son, were killed or wounded August 31, 1778, bythe Britishj against whom they had espoused the cause of the Colonists.^

The location of the principal village of the Wappingers tribe is notpositively known, but presumably near the falls on the creek whichperpetuates their name. Van der Doncks map locates three of theirvillages on the south side of this stream. From Kregier's Journal ofthe "Second Esopus War" (1663), it is learned that they had a castlein the vicinity of Low Point, and that they maintained a crossing placeto Dans Kamer Point. Tradition locates other villages in variousparts of the country.

Their burying ground is a familiar spot to many of the residents ofWappingers Falls. It was just south of the Episcopal church, knownas the "gravel bank," the property of the Garner Company. In thisbank was recently found a ball of clay containing nine flint spearheads, four of which are in possession of the Roy brothers of thatvillage.

Of the possessions of the Wappingers on the Hudson there is but one"perfect title on record," says Ruttenber, that being for the land in-cluded in the Rombout Patent, dated 1683. This deed, however, covers

a tract of land secured from the Indians by Arnout Viele in 1680, men-tion of which appears in a subsequent chapter. The Indians pa,rtedwith their lands for a small, yet an apparently satisfactory, consider-ation, but did not immediately vacate the premises. They continuedto hunt and fish, and the squaws to till their fields of com and beansfor at least fifty years after the above deeds had been recorded. Theirnumbers were gradually diminished in consequence of the introductionof spirituous liquors among them. They became scattered and addict-ed to wandering, removing to different parts, mingling with othernations.

Remnants of difi'erent clans chose a hunting ground in the vicinityof the present hamlet of Shekomeko,^ and it was on this spot that theevangelization of the aborigines in Dutchess county was begun in1740, by that zealous Moravian missionary. Christian Henry Rauch.^Arriving August 16th of that year, he was received by the Indianchiefs Tschoop and Shabash, whom he had previously met in NewYork. They announced him as the man they had appointed to be theirteacher, and he addressed them on the subject of his mission, and themeans of redemption, to which they listened "with great attention."In subsequent exhortations he perceived that his words excited deri-sion, and finally, they "openly laughed him to scorn." He perseveredin his eflForts, however, and at length his zeal and devotion was re-warded by the conversion of Tschoop, "the greatest drunkard amongthem." Shabash was soon after awakened "and the labor of the HolySpirit became remarkably evident in the hearts of these two savages."Such was the success of this missionary that many Indians not onlyin Shekomeko but other neighboring settlements became convinced ofthe truth of the gospel.

In January, 1742, Gottlob Buttner, another Moravian missionary,joined Ranch, as the spiritual harvest at Shekomeko demanded morelaborers; In the summer of the same year Count Zinzendorf visited themission, baptized a number of converts, and here formed the first con-gregation of Indians estabhshed by the Moravians in North America.Other brethren who subsequently arrived to engage in the work were

1. She com eko from she "great' and oomaco "house," "the great lodge or -village"Dr. Trumbull.

2. See writings of George Henry Loskiel, and Eev. Sheldon Davis, concerning Morayian•Missions in New York.

Martiii Mack, Joseph Shaw, Christopher Pyrlaens, Gottlob Sensemanand Christian Frederick Post. At the close of the year 174.3, thecongregation of baptized Indians consisted of sixty-three persons.The success and peace of the Shekomeko mission was disturbed in 174i4iby grave difficulties. Malevolent white settlers who had been accus-tomed to make the dissolute life of the Indians, especially their love forliquor, subservient to their advantage, branded the missionaries aspapists and enemies of the English colonists. The civil authorities wereurged to interfere. After several examinations before a court in"Pickipsi" the missionaries showed clearly that they had no affihationwith papacy. Thereupon a law was passed by the Assembly, Sep-tember 21st, 1744), forbidding any person "to reside amongst the In-dians under the pretense of bringing them over to the Christian faith,without the license of the Governor and consent of the council," No-vember 27th, 174)4, the Governor, directed the Deputy Clerk of thecouncil to write to the sheriffs of the counties of Albany, Dutchess andUlster, "to give notice to the several Moravian and vagrant teachersamong the Indians in their respective counties * * * * to .de-sist from further teaching or preaching, and to depart this Province."^December 15th of the same year the sheriff and three justices arrivedat Shekomeko, and commanded the missionaries to. again appear be-fore the court at "Pickipsi," where they were edified by the reading ofthe act in question. The brethem decided to remove to Bethlehem,Penn.,—all but Buttner, whose health had become impaired. He diedFebruary 23rd, 174*5, in the presence of the Indian converts, and wasburied at Shekomeko. A monument erected by the Moravian Histori-cal Society, July 11th, 1859, marks the grave of this martyr to thecause of aboriginal salvation.

After the burial of Buttner, although the Indians were without amissionary, they continued for a time to meet as usual. They oc-casionally visited Bethlehem, and ten families comprising forty-fourpersons finally removed there. Others formed a settlement on the eastborder of Indian Pond in the town of Sharon, Conn. It seems a harshcondition that the Indian was thus driven from his country, where hehad ever been hospitable and friendly to the white pioners.

THE County of Dutchess, in the State of New York, lies upon theeast bank of the Hudson along which it extends for a distanceof about forty-five miles, thence eastward to the Connecticutline. It is bounded on the north by Columbia county, and on the southby the County of Putnam. The area included in these limits is 4<74!,68Sacres.

The surface of the county is generally hilly, presenting in thesouthern and eastern portions a battlement of mountainous elevations.The Fishkill mountains upon the south border, form the northern ex-tremity of the Highlands, and extend across the southern part of thecounty. The highest summits. Old Beacon, and North Beacon orGrand Sachem, are respectively 1471 and 1685 feet above tide, andare intimately identified with the military history of the country.They derive their names from beacons placed upon their summits dur-ing the revolution, to flash intelligence to the patriots, and warn themof the approach of the British. A break in the southeast part ofthese mountains, opening toward the south, is known as Wiccopee Pass,a name applied to a settlement of the Highland Indians. This passwas guarded in revolutionary times to protect military supplies atFishkill.

The Taconic or Taghkanic mountains, occupy the eastern borderof the county. They rise from three hundred to six hundred feet abovethe valleys, and from one thousand to thirteen hundred feet abovetide. These elevations, like the Fishkill mountains, are in manyplaces rocky and precipitous. Other lofty peaks are Clove Mountainin the town of Union Vale, 1,403 feet high; Stissing Mountain in thetown of Pine Plains, with a height of 1,380 feet; and Dennis iJill inthe town of Dover, rising 1,365 feet above tide. These, with otherhills, will be noticed more particularly in the town histories.• In the western part of the county, between the streams, are rolling

ridges which terminate abruptly on the river, and form a series ofbluffs, from one hundred to two hundred feet in height.

The principal streams of the county, in the drainage arrangementare the FishkiU, Wappinger, Casper, Fall Kill, Crom Elbow, Lands-man and Saw Kill, tributaries of the Hudson, all flowing in a south-westerly direction. Ten Mile riyer, near the eastern border of thecounty, receives Swamp river from the south, and discharges its watersinto the Housatonic. Croton river has its source in the southeast partof the county, and Roeliff Jansen's Kill flows for a short distance with-in the northern border. There are a great variety of smaller streams,tributaries of those above mentioned, which rise in springs upon themiountain slopes.

FishkiU Creek. The headwaters of this stream^ for the most part,drain the western slope of Chestnut Ridge mountains. From a cen-tral point in the town of Beekman, it flows in a southwesterly 'directionthrough the towns of East FishkiU and FishkiU, emptying into theHudson, near the south border of the latter town. It is rapid in theupper and lower parts of its course, but sluggish through the Fish-kiU plains. Between FishkiU Village and the Landing, a distance offive miles, it makes a descent of nearly two hundred feet, over slateand limestone ledges, thus affording valuable hydraulic power. In itscourse it receives many small streams, the principal of which is SproutCreek, which forms the boundary between East FishkiU and Wap-pinger.

Wappinger Creek, a highly picturesque stream, and the largestin Dutchess, rises in Stissing Pond, in the town of Pine Plains, at anelevation of eight hundred feet above tide, and traverses the countyfor a distance of about thirty-five miles, in a southerly direction. Itpasses diagonally through the towns of Stanford and Pleasant Valley,thence it forms the boundary between the towns of Poughkeepsie, La-Grange and Wappinger, flowing into the Hudson at New Ham-burgh. It receives several branches that water the rich agriculturalregion through which it passes.

Casper Creek. This stream has its source in the southeastern cor-ner of the town of Hyde Park. It flows southerly, through the cen-tral portion of the town of Poughkeepsie, reaching the Hudson sometwo miles north of the viUage of New Hamburgh. In early documents

it bears a variety of Indian names, and is identified by the statement:"Knowne by the Christians for Jan Casperses Creek."

The Fall Kill Creek rises in the southwest corner of the town ofCHnton. In its upper course, for a distance of six miles, it flows rap-idly over a gravel bed, between high and rocky hills, thence passingthrough swampy and low meadow lands in the town of Hyde Park, itwinds its way to the Hudson, through an improved channel within thelimits of the city of Poughkeepsie.

Crom Elbow Creek is a crooked stream, some nine miles in length,rising among the hills at the intersection of the towns of Milan, Clintonand Rhinebeck. It flows in a southwesterly direction, forming the bound-ary between Rhinebeck and Clinton. At East Park, it turns in anabrupt elbow to the west, uniting with the Hudson, near the villageof Hyde Park.

Landsman Kill which at one time propelled several valuable mills,rises in the northwest part of the town of Rhinebeck. At Fritz millpond it is joined by the Rhinebeck creek. Just below this junction,the stream descends over a rocky precipice some sixty feet, forming abeautiful cascade, known as Beechwood Falls. It empties into theHudson at Vanderberg Cove.

The Saw Kill flows through the centre of the town of Red Hook,from Spring Lake or Long Pond, whence it has its source in thenortheast corner of the town, reaching the Hudson at South Bay.

Ten Mile River rises by several branches in the east part of tKecounty, and flows south through the towns of Amenia and Dover, tothe village of South Dover, where it txirns eastward, emptying into theHousatonic between Schaghticoke mountain and Ten Mile hill. Itsprincipal tributaries are Swamp River, Wassaic and Webatuck Creeks.In the central and eastern portions of the county are numerous littlelakes, of which Whaley Pond, in the town of Pawling, and Sylvan Lakein the town of Beekman, are the largest.

A mere outKne of the rock groundwork underlying the county sofar as it necessarily bears upon the economic interests and historicalassociations, is all that properly seenis to come within the scope ofthis work.^

der of the countjj the metamorphic rocks of the Primary system obtain.Extending thence westerly to Hudson's River and beyond it, are classedthe rocks of the Champlain division of the New York system, consist-ing of a series of slates, shales, grits, limestones and siliceous andcalcareous breccias and conglomerates. The rocks of the HudsonRiver group composed mostly of dark brown, blue and black slatesand shales, and bluish-grey thick-bedded grits, are remarkably welldeveloped in the county. Together with those of the Champlain di-vision they range through the towns of Red Hook, Milan, Rhinebeck,Clinton, Hyde Park, Pleasant Valley, Poughkeepsie, LaGrange andWappinger.

The prevailing types of crystalUne rock composing the strata ofthe Fishkill and Taconic mountains are gneisse^ granites, granulyte,.quartz-syenite and mica-schist. The varieties under these heads arevery numerous, since the constituent minerals are present in so vary-ing proportions.

The ore deposits are in two principal ranges and limestone valleys-First, the Fishkill-Clove belt, stretching northeast from the High-lands of the Hudson across the towns of Fishkill, East Fishkill, Beek-man and Union Vale; second, the north-south valley, traversed byNew York and Harlem Railroad. The limonite, or hematite ore, isfound in small pockets of irregular shape, and also in large deposits,which are associated with ochreous clays, and in some cases, with agray carbonate of iron, in beds underlying it. These ore bodies arewholly in the limestone or between the limestone and the adjacent slateor schist formations. Near Fishkill and at Shenandoah, the depositsare at the border of the Cambrian sandstone and at the foot of theArchaean ridges.^

The limestones in the eastern part of the county are a continuationof those found in Westchester county, while those found in the centraland western portions of the county are a continuation of the Orangecounty Cambro-Silurian limestone belts. The former are meta-morphosed limestones and partake of the nature of marble, beinghighly crystalline, while the latter are not. Although there are out-crops of the limestone at a number of points in the valley followed bythe Harlem Railroad, only two large openings have been made. Theseare at Dover Plains and South Dover.

The limestones in the western part of the county, are usually a hardfine grained bluish-gray rock, containing less magnesia than the whiterphases to the southeast and east. It has been used for lime, but onthe whole is so silicious that the resulting lime would be lean. Thewestern belt has been quarried in large quantities at Clinton Point, twomiles north of New Hamburgh.

"The great mass of the limestone," says Professor W. B. Dwight,^"along the Wappinger Creek from Willow Brook to New Hamburghappears to be calciferous and shows its fossils in many places all alongthis line. The Trenton rock and fossils are much more limited in theirexposures, and yet there are long stretches of this formation usuallylying on the eastern side of the limestone ridges. A little Trentoncrops out at a quarry, near Salt Point, ten miles northeast of Pough-keepsie. It appears largely at Pleasant Valley, then at Rochdale, andfor about one mile south of that place. Fossiliferous Trenton formsthe eastern edge of the limestone ridge from this point, for at leastthree miles south. It also appears in the parallel ridges to the westof Cliffdale, and further south."

Extensive and important clay formations occur in southern Dutchess,along the bank of the Hudson. The clay is chiefly blue, but wherethe overlying sand is wanting or is of slight thickness, it is weatheredto yellow, this weathering sometimes extending to a depth of twelvefeet below the surface. At some localities the layers of the clay arevery thin, and alternate with equally thin layers of sandy clay.

Several brick manufacturers having yards near Dutchess Junctionobtain their clay from the escarpment of an eighty foot terrace. Theclay has a fairly uniform thickness, the upper four to eiglit feet areyellow, the rest blue. The greatest thickness of clay known, for thislocality, is at Aldridge Brothers' yards, where a well was sunk sixtv-five feet through the clay, which added to the height of the bank(sixty-five feet) gave a total thickness of one hundred and thirty feetat this point.

The varied character of the soil of this county, adapts it to mixedfarming, and all of the branches of agriculture, possible in the climatehave been more or less followed. Stock raising has also received con-siderable attention. In more recent years dairying has increased inmany of the interior towns, and has been followed with much success1. Transactions Vassar Brothers' Institute 1883-'84, Vol. II, 149.

THE early divisions of the territory embraced within the limitsof Dutchess county, and other lands in this vicinity, pos-sessed many peculiarities, and led to uncommon experiencesby the pioneers. While the Dutch authorities sometimes made landgrants to colonists regardless of the Indian rights, the English afterthey came into power adopted a different policy, and first aimed toextinguish the Indian title by treaty. When the Province of NewNetherlands was surrendered to the English, September, 1664, thethird article of the terms of capitulation stipulated that "All peopleshall continue free Denizens, and shall enjoy their Lands, Houses, andgoods, wheresoever they are within the country, and dispose of themas they please." Many of the old Dutch grants were upheld by con-firmatory English grants, issued previous to 1674, when Englishpossession was forever established by the treaty signed at West-minster. In June of that year the Duke of York, obtained a newgrant of the same territory included in that of ten years earlier. Theduke through his appointed governor of the province, made manygrants in fee, and after his accession to the throne continued theirissue under seal of the province through authority given to the gov-ernors, who acted under instructions from the crown. In only twoinstances were grants of land made under the seal of Great Britain.Purchases made from the Indians were held not to give legal title, theKing only being considered the true source of title. Governor Tryonin his report to the Captain General and Governor-in-Chief of theProvince of New York, in 1774, says, "Purchases from the Indiannatives, as of their aboriginal right, have never been held to be a legaltitle in this province, the maxim obtaining here, as in England, thatthe King is the fountain of all real property, and from this sourceall titles are to be derived."

daries, and a common condition was the payment of an annual quit-rent, sometimes in money but more frequently in furs, grain or someother article that merely represented the acknowledgment of indebted-ness.

Following the division of the Province of New York into countiesin 1683 all the lands in Dutchess county were taken up in large tracts,less than a dozen in number, by men of influence or capital who under-took "to settle, build up and cultivate the new county" and let themwhoUy or in part for a term of years, at a nominal rent, or merely forthe payment of taxes.

Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck took the initial step insecuring the immense tract embraced in the Rombout Patent, grantedOctober 17, 1685. This was followed by the patent granted to RobertSanders and Myndert Harmense October 24, 1686. Schuyler's Patent,in two tracts, one near Red Hook and one south of Poughkeepsie,June 2, 1688. On the same date a patent was granted to Artsen andCo. for a small tract. The Nine Partners' Patent (Great or Lower)May 27, 1697. Rhinebeck and Beekman Patents June 25, 1703.Little or Upper Nine Partners' Patent, April 10, 1706. The OblongPatent, covering a narrow strip along the east borders of Dutchess,Putnam and Westchester counties, was ceded to the State of NewYork by Connecticut, May 14, 1731. These patents, with the excep-tion of the Oblong, were granted under Colonial Governors, Dongan,Fletcher and Cornbury.

The Rombout Patent covered a tract of 85,000 acres, which em-braced the present towns of FishkiU, East Fishkill and Wappinger,the westerly part of LaGrange, and nine thousand acres within thesouthern limits of the town of Poughkeepsie.

A license to purchase the above named tract of the WappingerIndians, was given to Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck byGovernor Thomas Dongan, February 8, 1682. The purchase wasconsummated and the native title extinguished August 8, 1683 anda patent issued therefor October 17, 1685, but prior to the latterdate Verplanck died, hence Stephanus Van Courtlandt became asso-ciated with Rombout, and Jacobus Kipp became the representative ofVerplanck's children.

made of the lands embraced in this patent lying between the Fishkilland Wappingers Creek, the lands to the north and south of thosestreams being still held in common by the patentees or their repre-sentatives or heirs. In this division the southern third fell to the lotof Catherine, wife of Roger Brett, daughter and sole heir of FrancisRombout, and the intermediate third to the children of Gulian Ver-planck.

The patentees were required to pay to the governor for this im-mense tract "six bushels of good and merchantable winter wheat everyyear." The Indian deed for this purchase is an interesting document,recorded on page 72, volume V, Book of Patents, in the Secretary ofState's office, an exact copy of which follows:

"To AU CHRISTIAN PEOPLE To Whom This Present Writeing ShaU Come,Sackoraghkigh for himselfe, and in the name of Megriesken, Sachem of the Wap-pinger Indians, Queghsijehapaein, Niessjawejahos, Queghout, Asotews, Wappege-reck, Nathindaeniw, Wappappee, Ketaghkainis, Meakhaghoghkan, Mierham, Pea-pightapeieuw, Queghitaeuw, Minesawogh, Katariogh, Kightapiuhogh, Rearowogh,Meggrek, Sejay, Wienangeck Maenemanew, and Ginghstyerem, true and LawfulOwners and Indian proprietors of the land herein menchoned, send Greeting.KNOW YEE—^that for and in Consideracon of a Certain Sume or Quantity ofMoney, Wampum, and diverse other Goods in a ScheduU hereunto Annexed Per-ticularly Menconed and Expressed to them the said Indians, in Hand Payed byMr. ffrancis Rumbouts and Gulyne Ver Planke, both of the Citty of New York,Merchants, the Receipt whereof they, the said Indians, Doe hereby Acknowledge,and herewith ownes themselves to be fully payed. Contented and Sattisfied, andthereof of every Parte and Parcell, Doe hereby Acquitt, Exonerate and Dischargethem, the said ffrancis Rumbouts and Gulyne V. Planke, their Heires and As-signes, have Given, Granted, Bargained, Sold, Aliened, Enfoeffed, and Confirmed,and by these Presents Doe fully Cleerly and Absolutely Give, Grant, Bargaine,Sell and Alien, Enfeoffe, and Conflrme unto the said Francis Rinnbout and GulyneVer Planke, All that Tract or Parcel of Land Scituate, Lyeing and being on theEast side of Hudson's River, at the north side of the High Lands, Beginning fromthe South side of A Creek Called the fresh Kill, and by the Indians Matteawan,and from thence Northward along said Hudson's River five hund Rodd bejond theGreat Wappins Kill, caUed by the Indians Mawenawasigh, being the NortherlyBounds, and from thence into the Woods fouer Houers goeing, always Keepingfive hund Rodd Distant from North side of said Wapinges Creeke, however itRimns, as alsoe from the said fresh Kill or Creeke called Matteawan, along thesaid fresh Creeke into the Woods att the foot of the said High Hills« includingaU the Reed or Low Lands at the South side of said Creeke, with an EasterlyLine, fouer Houers going into the. Woods, and from thence Northerly to the endof the end of the fouer Houers Goeing or Line Drawne att the North side of the

five hund Rodd Bejoyond the Greate Wappinger Creek or Kill called Mawenawasigh,together with all the Lands, Soyles, Meadows, both fresh and Salt, Pastures, Com-mons, "Wood Land, Marshes, Rivers, Rivoletts, Streames, Creekes, Waters, Lakes,and whatsoever else to the said Tract or Parcell of Land within the Bomids andLimitts aforesaid is Belonging, or any wise Appurteining, without any Reservationof Herbage, Trees or any other thing Growing or Being thereupon. To have andto hold said Tract or Parcell of Land, Meadow, Ground, and Primisses, with theirand every of their Appurtennces, and all the Estate, Right, Title, Interest, Claymeand Demand of them the said Indian proprietors and each and every of them, of,in, and to, the same, and Every Parte thereof, unto them the said ffrancis Rumboutand Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heires and Assigns, to the Sole and only Properuse, Benefitt and Behoofe of them, the feaid ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne VerPlanke, their Heires and Assignes, to the Sole and only Proper use. Benefit andBehooffe of them, the said ffrancis Rumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heiresand Assignes for Ever, And they thes said Indians Doe for themselves and theirHeires and every of them Covenant, Promise and Engage that the said ffrancisRumbout and Gulyne Ver Planke, their Heires and Assignes, shall and mayhenceforth for ever Lawfully, Peacably, and Quietly have, hold, Possesse, and En-joy the said Tract or ParceU of Land, and all and Singuler other the Primisses,with their Appertences without any Lett, Hindrance, or Interrupeon whatsoeverof or by them, the said Indians, Proprieters or their Heires, or of any otherPerson or Persons whatsoever clayming or that hereafter shall or may Clayme by,from, or imder them, or Either of them. And that they shall and wiU, upon Rea-sonable Request and Demand made by the said Francis Rumbouts and GulyneVer Planke, Give and Deliver Peaceably and Quiettly Possession of the said Tractor ParceU of Land and Primisses, or of some Parte thereof, for and in the Nameof the whole, unto such Person or Persons as by the said ffrancis Kumbout andGulyne Ver Planke, shall be Appointed to Receive the same. In witness whereof,the said Sackoraghkigh, for himselfe and in the Name of Megriskar, Sachem ofWappinger Indians, Queghsjehapeieuw, Niesjawehos, Queghout, Asotewes, Wap-pergereck, Nathindaew, Wappape, Ketaghkanns, Meakaghoghkan, Mierham, Pea-pithapaeuw, Queghhitaeuw, Memesawogh, Katariogh, Kightapinkog,; Rearawogh,Meggiech, Sejay, Wienangeck, Maenemaeuw, Guighstierm, the Indian Owners andProprietors aforesaid, have here unto sett their Hands and Seals in N. Yorke theEighth Day of August, in the 36th Yeare of his Maties Reigne, Anno Dom, 1683."The marke of X SAKORAGHUCK, (L. S.)"The marke of X QUEGHSJEHAPAEIN, (L. S.)' "Signed Sealed and Delivered

"John West."The marke of CLAES the Indian Inter. (Verite.)"The marke of X MERHAM, (L. S.)"The marke of X PEAPIGHTAPAEW, (L. S.)

"The marke of X QUEGHHITABMm (L. S.)"The marke of X MBINESAWOGH, (L. S.)"The marke of X KOTARIOGH, (L. S.)"The marke of X KIGHTAPINKOJH, (L. S.)"The marke of X REAROWOGH, (L. S.)"The marke of X MEGGENKSEJAY, (L. S.)"The marke of X WIENARGECK, (L. S.)"The Marke of X MAENEMANEW, (L. S.)"The marke of X GUIGHSTJEREM, (L. S.)"The marke of X KETAGHKANNES, (L. S.)"The marke of X MEAKHAJH, (L. S.)"The marke of X OGHKAN, (L. S.)"The marke of X NIESSJAWEJAHOS, (L. S.)"The marke of X QUEJHOUT, (L. S.)"The marke of X SJOTEWES, (L. S.)"The marke of X WAPPEGERECK, (L. St)"The marke of X NATHINDAEUW, (L. S.)"The marke of X WAPPAPE, (L. S.)

"A Schedull or Perticuler of Money, Wampum and other goods Paid by ffrandsRumbout and Gulyne "Ver Planke for the purchase of the Land in the Deed here-unto annexed.

"One hund Royalls, One hund Pound Powder, Two hund fathom of Wirite Wam-pum, one hund Barrs of Lead, One hundred fathom of Black Wampum, thirtytobacco boxes ten holl adges, thirty Gunns, twenty Blankets, forty fathom ofDuffills, twenty fathom of stroudwater Cloth, thirty Kittles, forty Hatchets, fortyHomes, forty Shirts, forty p stockins, twelve coattis of R. B. & b. C, ten DrawingKnives, forty earthen Juggs, forty Bottles, forty Knives, fouer ankers rum, tenhalfe fatts Beere, Two hund tobacco Pipe?. &c.. Eighty Pound Tobacco.

"New York,-August the 8th, 1683."The above Perticulers were Delivered to the Indians in the Bill of Sale Men-coned in the psence of us

"I do hereby certify the foregoing to be a true copy of the Original Record, com-pared therewith by me.

There is, however, another Indian deed which antedates the above,and covers a portion of the same tract.^ It conveys land consisting ofthree flats, to Arnout Cornelissen Viele, as a present, by the Indianowners Kashepan alias Calkoen, Waspacheek alias Spek, and Phil-lipuwas, having power of attorney from Awannis, one of the owners,

and bears date of June 15, 1680. Through this land flows theWynachkee'^ "opposite Danskammer," which is none other than Wap-pinger Creek.^ The tract includes the woodland adjoining this stream,from the river to Matapan fall, "and stretching about two Englishmiles to the North and one mile to the South." It wiU be noticed thereis no similarity in the names of the Indian owners of this tract andthose appearing in the Rombout purchase, executed nearly three yearslater.

Viele in 1704 petitioned Governor Cornbury for a patent coveringthis land. Although it had been patented to others, the reverse sideof his petition bears the following minute: "Read in council 15 April,1704, ordered to lay on the table 4th May, 1704, granted."

The boundaries of the land conveyed to Robert Sanders and Myn-dert Harmense, known as the Minnisinck Patent, dated October 24,1686, are very indefinite. Beginning at a point on the Hudson "northof the land of Sovryn aHas Called the Baker with the arable and WoodLand Marshes with the Creeke Called Wynachkee with Trees Stones(or Tones) and further Range or out Drift for Cattle and the fall ofWatters Called Pondanickrien and another marsh to the north of thefall of Watters Called Wareskeechen."

Schuyler's Patent, dated June 2, 1688, grants to Col. Peter Schuy-ler two tracts, the boundaries of which are thus defined:

First tract "Situate, lying and being on the east side of Hudson'sriver in Duchess county, over against Magdalene Island, beginningat a certain creek called Metambesem (now the Sawkill) ; thence run-ning easterly to the south-most part of a certain meadow calledTauquashqueick, and from that meadow easterly to a certain smalllake or pond called Waraughkameek; from thence northerly so fartill upon a due east and west line it reaches over against the Sawyer'sCreek; from thence due west to the Hudson's river aforesaid; andthence southerly along the said river to the said creek called Metam-besem."

Second tract, "Scituate, Lying and being on ye East side of Hud-son's River in Dutchess county at A Certaine Place Caled ye LongReach Slenting Over Against JufFrow's Hook, At a Placed Called

1. "Wynogkee, Wynachkee and Winnakee are," says Euttenber. "record forms of thena&e of a district of country, from which it was extended to streams. The derivativesare Winne 'good, flna, pleasant,' and acM 'land'."

the Rust Plaest. Runs from Thence East Ward into the wood to ACreek Caled by The Indians Pietawickquasick Knowne by the Chris-tians for Jan Casperses Creek Northwarde to a Water fall where theSaw Mill belonging to Myndert Harmense Stands Upon and so South-warde Alongst Hudson's River Aforesaid to said Rust Plaest.'"

In 1689 Col. Schuyler sold to Harme Gansevoort, a brewer, ofAlbany, one-half of what he estimated to be one-fourth of the formertract. He also conveyed August 30, 1699, to Messrs. Sanders andHarmense all the land embraced in the second tract. The uncertainboundaries and ambiguous descriptions of land patents in the vicinityof Poughkeepsie evidently caused much confusion for Sanders andHarmense had prepared for settlement a portion of the land includedin Schuyler's patent at least two years previous to the above trans-fer. It also led to the practice of fraud, evidenced by the grantingof the so-called Poughkeepsie Patent, May 7, 1697, to Henry TenEyck and eight associates, by Governor Fletcher. The grant in-cluded the greater portion of the town, and proved to be fraudulent,as the land was covered by previous patents. This could hardly havebeen the result of ignorance, inasmuch as Governor Fletcher was re-garded as one of the most corrupt officials the Province ever had.Lord Bellamont complains of him, that he made grants to persons ofno merit.

The patent granted Gerrit Artsen, Arie Rosa and Jan Elton, June2, 1688, covered twelve hundred acres in the southwest part of thepresent town of Rhinebeck. The Indian title was extinguished bydeed dated June 8, 1686. This patent was granted with the under-standing that adjoining lands deeded to Hendrick Kip by the Indians,July 28, 1688, were to be covered by the same Royal Patent.

The Pawling patent granted to Neiltie, widow of Henry Pawling,and her seven children. May 11, 1696, contained four thousand acresnorth and west of Crom Elbow Creek.

The forming of associations to obtain large grants was a frequentoccurrence in different counties, often composed mainly of those hold-ing official positions under the government. The men composing theco-partnership of the Nine Partners' Patent (Great or Lower) were:Caleb Heathcote, Major Augustus Graham, James Emott, Lieut.Col. Henry Filkins, David Jamison, Hendryck Ten Eyck, John Aar-

etson, William Creed, and Jarvis Marshall. Governor Fletcher grantedthis patent May 27, 1697, described by the following boundaries: "ATract of Vacant Land Situate, Lying and Being on Hudson's Riverin Dutchess County. Bounded on the west by the said Hudson RiverBetween the Creek called Fish Creek (Crum Elbow.?) at the markedTrees of pauling (Including the said Creeke) and the Land of Myn-dert Harmensen & Company then Bounded southerly by the Land ofthe said Myndert Harmense and company as far as their bounds goeswesterly by the Land of the said Harmense and until a southerly lineruns so far south until it comes to the south side of a certain Meadowwherein there is a White Oak Tree markt with the Letters H. T. thensoutherly by an east and west Line to the Division Line between theprovince of New York and the colony of Connecticut and so Easterlyto the said Division Line and Northerly by the aforesaid Fish Creekeas far as it goes and from the head of said Creeke by a parallel lineto the south Bounds east and west Reaching the aforesaid DivisionLine."

The tract covered that portion of the present town of Hyde Park,south and east of Crom Elbow creek, the greater portion of the townsof Clinton and Stanford, the entire towns of Pleasant Valley andWashington, and that part of Amenia and the southern section ofNorth East not included in the Oblong. This great tract was dividedinto thirty-six principal lots, and nine "water lots," the latter front-ing upon the Hudson.

The "Calendar of Land Papers" says that in 1695, Henry Beek-man, the son of William, petitioned the government for a patent forland in Dutchess county, lying opposite Esopus Creek. He obtainedthe patent April 22, 1697, and also secured a grant of all the landeast of Rombout's Patent to the Connecticut line. These are knownas the Rhinebeck and Beekman Patents. For each of these tractshe was to pay an annual rental of forty shillings to the crown ofEngland. Concerning the grants Lord Bellamont writes SecretaryPopple July 7, 1698, as follows: "One Henry Beekman, a Lieut.CoU, in the Militia, has a vast tract of land as large as the Midlinecounty of England, for which he gave Fletcher a hundred dollarsabgut twenty-five pounds in English, and I am told he values his pur-chase at £6,000."

As the boundaries of the first tract were not as definite as Mr. Beek-man desired he obtained another patent in its place granted June 25,1703, which sets forth the boundaries as follows: "All that tract ofland in Dutchess County aforesaid, situate, lying and being on theeast side of Hudson's river, beginning at a place called by the IndiansQuaningquious, over against the Klyne Sopus Effly, being the northbounds of the lands called Pawling's purchase, from thence extendingnortherly by the side of the Hudson's river aforesaid, until it comesto a stone creek, over against the Kallcoon Hoek, which is the south-erly bounds of the land of Colonel Peter Schuyler; from thence so fareast as to reach a certain pond called by the Indians Warangh-keemeek; and from thence extending southerly by a hue parallel toHudson's river aforesaid until a line run from the place where it firstbegan easterly into the woods does meet the said parallel hne, andsoutherly by the line drawn from the place where it was first begun,and meeting the said parallel line, which is the northern bounds ofthe said land before called Pawling's Purchase."

Mr. Beekman also surrendered the grant for land east of Rombout'sPatent, receiving a new patent therefore granted June Si5, 1703. Itembraced the northeast half of the present town of LaGrange, all ofthe towns of Union Vale and Beekman (except a few hundred acresin the southern angle of Beekman), about 8000 acres of the northwestportion of Pawling, and the western part of Dover. A strip oneand three-eights of a mile wide along the east side of the two lattertowns formed a portion of the Oblong.

Little or Upper Nine Partners' Patent, granted to Broughton &Company, April 10, 1706, was bounded as follows: "Beginning atthe North Bounds of the Lands And then lately purchased by saidRichard Sackett in Dutchess county, and runs thence South Easterlyby his north bounds to Wimposing thence by the mountains southerlyto the south east comer of the said Sackett's Land and thence Easterlyto the Colony Line of Connecticut and thence Northerly by the saidcolony Line and Wiantenuck River to the south bounds of lands pur-chased by John Spragg &c. at Owissetanuck thence westerly by thesaid purchase as it runs to the south-west corner thereof thence tothe Manor of Livingston and by the south bounds thereof unto thelands purchased and patented to Coll. Peter Schuyler over againstMagdelons Island and so by the said purchase and patent To the

patent of Coll. Beekman for Land Lying over against Clyne EsopusFly and thence by the said Land to the said south east corner andthence to the place where it begun."

This tract comprised the present towns of Milan and Pine Plains,the north half of North East, and the small portions of Clinton andStanford not included in the Great Nine Partners' Patent. It wasconfirmed September 25, 1708, by Queen Anne to the followingpatentees: Samson Broughton, Rip Van Dam, Thomas Wenham,Roger Mompesson, Peter Fauconier, Augustus Graham, RichardSackett, and Robert Lurting. A law authorizing its partition waspassed by the Colonial Assembly in 1734.

The Oblong Patent, termed in Colonial documents "EquivalentLand," led to much controversy between the States of New York andConnecticut. It covers a narrow strip along the east borders ofDutchess, Putnam and Westchester counties, containing 61,440 acres.It was in dispute between the officials of New Netherland and theUnited English Colonies. An effort to adjust the difficulty was madeat Hartford, September 19, 1650, by representatives of both govern-ments, but agreements then arrived at were not adhered to. Whenthe English superseded the Dutch in 1664, commissioners were ap-pointed by Charles II of England, who determined on a line parallelwith the Hudson and twenty miles distant from it on the east. ThisHue gave rise to a dispute respecting the right of government overthe towns of Rye and Bedford in Westchester County. Anotheragreement was concluded in 1683, and these towns were adjudged tobe subject to New York government, and confirmed by the CrownMarch 28, 1700. "Nineteen years afterward" says Smith in his His-tory of New York "a probationory act was passed, empowering theGovernor to appoint commissioners, as well to run the line parallel toHudson's River, as to re-survey the other lines and distinguish theboundary. The Connecticut agent opposed the King's confirmationof this act, totis viribus; but it was approved on the 23d of January1723. Two years after, the commissioners and surveyors of bothcolonies met at Greenwich, and entered first into an agreement re-lating to the method of performing the work. The survey was im-mediately after executed in part, the report being dated on the 12thor May, 1725, but the complete settlement was not made till the 14th

re/bred' ta fn the', REPORT OFTHECOMMISSIONERSONTHENEWYORK& CONNECTICUT BOUNDARY. , ^

Lhu'.'ti-mibySurvtyuiyin.lfi&lniidTvmn!v(!^<dliiK'nimiii8siniiors nilT2S. C. D.E & L .D.

of May, 1731, when indentures, certifying the execution of the agree-ment in 1725, were mutually signed by the commissioners and survey-ors of both colonies. At this time the tract known as the Oblong wasceded to New York as an equivalent for the lands near the Sound, thepeaceable possession of which Connecticut had enjoyed during all theintervening years."

Further disputes arose in regard to surveying the boundary andjmarking it with suitable monuments. Finally a survey was made in1860 which was subsequently agreed to by both States.

The Oblong was annexed to the contiguous counties in this StateMay 31, 1733, and December 17, 1743, the Precincts of South, Beek-mans, Crom Elbow and North were extended across the tract to theConnecticut line. To facilitate the collection of quitrents, the patentwas divided into lower, middle and upper districts.

A patent conveying the Oblong to Sir Joseph Eyles & Companywas granted in London May 15, 1731. The Colonial government,however, patented the greater part of the same tract to Thomas Haw-ley and others, June 8, 1731. The consequent htigation was termi-nated by the Revolutionay war, the American patentees maintainingpossession.

WITH the extinguishment of the native title to lands des-cribed in the foregoing chapter, the settlement of Dutch-ess coimty began. Nicholas Emigh is credited in previousCounty Histories with being the first pioneer. Authorities differ as tothe date of his settlement at the mouth of Fishkill creek, but it is gener-ally conceded that he was here in 1685. He came to America withRobert Livingston in 1683. On the ocean voyage he courted andmarried a Dutch lass from Holstein, and the couple remained for atime on the Livingston domain. Becoming dissatisfied, they wentto Fort Orange, intending to settle on an island in the Hudson whichconstituted a part of the Manor of Rensselaerwyck. Here they hadthe misfortune to be drowned out by a Mohawk flood, and youngEmigh and his wife removed to the site of Fishkill. He bargainedwith the Indians for a large tract of land, only to learn that it hadbeen recently covered by the Rombout Patent. He then purchasedof the patentees, lands in the Clove district where he subsequentlyremoved.

While living at Fishkill, they became the parents of a daughter,the first white child born in the county. She received the name ofKatrina, and at maturity married a young Hollander named PeterLasink,^ who located in the county previous to 1700.* The youngcouple settled in the town of East Fishkill where four sons and fourdaughters were born to them.

The next settler near the mouth of the Fishkill, according td Bai-ley's Historical Sketches, published in 1874, was Peche Dewall who

1. Peter Laslnck is the ancestor of a numerous family In Dutchess County, differentbranches of which spell their name variously, Lasslng, Lossing, Lawson, etc. He is sup-posed to have heen a son of Peter (Pleterse) Lasslngh, who migrated from Holland about1658, and settled at Albany, where he died 1695.

2.^ Mr. Edmund Piatt Is of the opinion that Lasini located in the county as earlyBmlgh. He is unquestionably the same Peter Lansing, or his son, to whom Arnout Vlelesold his land near the mouth of Wappinger Creek.

arrived in the Spring of 1688. He evidently did not remain long ashis name does not appear in subsequent records.

The settlements in Poughkeepsie and Rhinebeck were nearly, if notquite contemporaneous with those in Fishkill. In the grant of 1686to Sanders and Harmense reference is made to the land of "Sovryin,alias called the Baker," but there is no evidence that he settled here,nor is the name of record as a patentee. The names of Jan Smeedes,Peter Lansing and Gerret Lansing, are quoted in early documentspertaining to land in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie, and apparentlythey had begun a settlement previous to 1690. The Kips were thefirst to build and settle in what is now the town of Rhinebeck. On theeast side of the stone house, built on Hendrick Kip's south lot, wereinscribed the figures "1700."

Inasmuch as Dutchess county was for some years provisionally at-tached to Ulster, on account of the paucity of its inhabitants, a de-tached census was not made until 1714. The total number of soulswas four hundred and forty-five of whom twenty-nine were slaves.The list of sixty-seven heads of families then resident in the countycontains the following names:

Abraham BeuysJohn BeuysRoger BrettJohn Breineshendrick bretsiertAndreis DaivedesPeter De BoyesJohn De GraveFrans De LangenPeck De WitRoelif Duijtser

Catrine Lasink WedoPeter LasinkFrans Le RoyLenar Le RoyLenard LewisAret HastenGysbert OosterhoutWhilliam OstranderLowrans OstroutJohn OstrowWilliam Outen

Hendrick PellsTunis PieterseJacob PlowghHarmen BindersThomas SandersWiUem Schot ey Scouten

henderck SissumLouwerens knickerbacker .».Matieis SlejtCellitie kool Johannis Spoor

Mellen SpringsteenJeurey SpringstenJohnes TerbotsWiUiam TetsortAdaam Van alstedElias Van BunchotenElena Van De BogartMeindert Van Den BogartHenry Van Der BurghAbraham Van DusenBalthus Van KleckBarent Van KleckJohanes Van KleckGaratt Van VleitEvert Van WagenenSwart Van WagenenAbraham VosburghJacob VosburghPeter VelyDirck WesselseWillem Wijt

This census further enumerates the total number of male personsabove sixty years of age, 11; male persons from sixteen to sixty yearsof age, 89; male persons under sixteen, 120; number of females oversixty, 1; females from sixteen to sixty, 97; females under sixteen, 98;slaves, 29.

In the original tax roU^ of 1718 the total assessed valuation ofproperty in the county was *1300, divided among one hundred andtwenty-nine tax payers as follows:

The Inhabetents Residents Sojorners and frieholders of Dutchess County areRated & assesed By ye assesors Chosen for ye Same the Day of Janury the 17,1717/18

1. The First Book of the Superrlsors and Aseessors, 1718-1722, printed for VassarBrotbers' Institute (1908), from which much new data for this History has been obtainedwas unearthed In the County Clerk's Office by Edmund Piatt, In his search for orlelnaimaterial tot the History of Pougbkeepsle (1905).

The Inhabeteiits Residents Sojorners and frieholders of Dntchis County areRated & assesed by ye assessores Chosen for ye Same the Day of 1717/18 for yemeedel Ward Viz

Thomas SandersElias Van BunchooteZacharias FlegelarHendrick Van Der BurghJacob TitsortJosias CregoEvert Van WageneJohannes Van KleckMyndert Van Den bogertHarmon RynderseJan OstromBaranet Van KleckFransoy Le RoyLowarance Van KleckJacobus Van Den BogartDamon Palmater

De Weden Van Baltus Van KleckDe Weden Van Myndert harmeseJan De GraefBartholomous HoogeboomLeonard LewisDe Weden Van Jan KeepPieter VieleeHendrick PelsWillem TitsoorMagiel Palmetier JunrMagiel Palmetier SiniurPieter PalmetierHendrick BuysJohn EgertonThomas LewisThomas Shadwick^onas SlodtRichard Sackett

The Inhabetents Residents Sojorners andRated & assesed By the assessores ChosenWard Viz

Henry Van DerburghJohnnes Van KleeckJames HusseyLowrance Van KleeckJacobus Van Den BogartassTS

The county tax list of December 1722 contains one hundred andeighty-three names with a total assessment of ^2243. A year later

the population of the county, including forty-three slaves, was 1,083.For many years the progress of settlement was slow, and up to 1731Dutchess was the least populous county in the Province, its inhabi-tants then numbering only 1,727 of whom one hundred and twelvewere "blacks." In 1740 the list of freeholders numbered two hundredand thirty-five, certified by "Ja. Wilson Sheriff." Many of thesenames are perpetuated to the present generation. For conveniencethey are here arranged alphabetically, but the original orthography,as in preceding lists, has been adhered to:

Ackert, JuryAuchmoty, JamesBackus, JohannisBaily, JohnBeekman, HenryBerringer, CoeuradtBloome, EphraimeBogardus, CorneliusBonesteel, NicholasBoss, DaniellBrinckerhoff, GeorgeBrinckerhoff, IsaacBrinckerhoff, JacobBrinckerhoff, JohnBritt, RobertBritt FrancisCalkin, John, Junr.Carman, JohnCole, WilliamConcklin, JohnCook, JohnCool, JacobCreed, AugustineCrego, JosiasCrego, StephenDavinport, ThomasDe Dutcher, DavidDe Graafl, MosisDe Graeff, AbrahamDeWitt, JacobDe Yeo, JacobusDrake, WilliamDi%m, JacobDollson, Johannis

Dollson, IssacDu Bois, ChristianDu Bois, MathysDu Bois, LewisDu Bois, Peter, Jr.Du Bois, JacobDu Bois, JonathanDu Bois, Mathew, Jr.De Peyster, JacobusKarnest, MathysEllsworth, GeorgeEmigh, NicholasEmons, JohnFeder, JuryFeUer, PhilipFilkin, HenryFilkin, IssacFilkin, FransFlegelaer, SimonFlewellen, JohnFoelandt, PhilipFreer, WilliamFreer, TeunilsFreer, SimonFreer, Abarham, Jr.Frelick, StephenGamble, JohnGay, John

Gerbrantz, LowranceGermain, IssacGermain, Issac, Jr.Gonselesduck, ManuellGtiffen, JoshuaGriggs, Alexander

Haber, ZachariasHagaman, FrancisHaUstead, SamuelHasbrook, BenjaminHeermans, HendrickusHendrick, GodfreedHendrickse, ArieHermans, AndriesHeyner, HansHoff, JacobHoff, LowranceHoffman, MartinusHoffman, NicholasHumphreys, WilliamKidney, RobertKip, AbrahamKip, JacobKip, HendrickKip, IssacKip, JohannisKip, RoeloffKnickerbacker, EvertKnickerbacker, Lowrenc*Koens, NicholasKool, SimonLa Count, BowdewineLambert, HansLangdon, ThomasLassing, PeterLassing, IsaacLassing, WilliamLa Roy, FransLa Roy, SimonLewis, Thomas

Londen, PhilipLossee, JohnLossee, CornelisLossee, LowrenceLow, JacobMarshall, NathanielMathews, SamuelMiddelaer, JohannisMontross, JohnMore, PhilipMowl, JacobMufford, HendrickMufFord, PeterNauthrop, MosisNeker, FranNellson, FrancisOosterhout, LowrenceOstrander, AdamOstrander, PeterOstrander, MaesOstrander, ArentOstrom, JanOstrom, RoelofFOstrom, HendrickOutwater, PeterOwl, HendrickPalmer, JoshuaPalmer, JosephPalmer, PeterPalmer, SamuelPalmer, WilliamPalmatier, PeterPeelen, GybsertPells, MagielPhilip, HendrickPolver, MichaelPolver, WendalRichart, DavidRtfsekrans, HendrickRosekrans, JohnRoss, JosiasRow, NicholasRunnels, IssacRunnels, Issac, Jr.Runnels, Nehmiah

Runnels, JohnRykert, JosephSackett, RichardSchutt, WilUamScott, WilliamSecundus, William SmithSheffer, HendrickSheffer, Hans felteShoe, MartinusShonk, MartinShriver, AlbartusSimon, WilliamSimpson, PeterSipperly, FredrickeSipperly, Michael_St6ght, MathysSmith, ZachariasSnyder, Johannis P.Snyder, ChristophellSoefelt, JurySoefelt, Jury AdamSpaller, JohannisSwartwoudt, RudolphusSwartwoudt, BamardusSwartwoudt, AbrahamSwartwout, JdcobiisSyfer, WilliamTappon, JohannisTer Boss, JacobusTer Boss, HendrickTer Boss, JohannisTiel, MartinTiel, LowranceTietsort, IsaacTippell, PeterTrever, BasteaanVan Amburgh, IsaacVan Benthuysen JanVan Benthuysen, JohannisVan Benthuysen, BarentVan Bomell, ChristaphellVan Bomell, JacobusVan Bomell, MarcusVan Buntschoten, EliasVan Buntskoten, Teimis

Van Campen, JacobVan den Bogart, JacobusVandenbogart, MyndertVandenburgh, HenryVan Dyck, FransVan Etten, PeterVan Etten, Jacobus, Jr.Van Keuren, MathewisVan Kleeck, Baltus B.Van Kleeck, Baltus J.Van Kleeck, AhaswarusVan Kleek, LowrenceVan Kleek, BarentVan Kleek, JohannisVan Steenberg, Benjamin\San Tesell, HendrickVan Vliet, ArieVan Vliet, TunisVan Voorhees, JohannisVan Voorhees, JohannisVan Voorhees, CoertVan Vreedingburgh,

WilliamVan Wagenen, GoeseVan Wagenen, JacobVan Wagenen, EvertVan Wajgenen, NicholasVan Wagenen, Gerret E.Van Wyck, CorneliisVan Wyck, TheodorusVeile, PeterViele, ArnontVer Planck, WilliamVer Veelen, GideonWeaver, JohannisWestfall, GysbertWiderwox, AndriesWUlsie, HendrickWillsie, JohannisWillsie, CornelisWoUever, Hans felteYager, WendellYomens, Daniel

From 1749 to 1756 the county increased rapidly in population,exceeding, in the latter year, that of any other county in the Prov-ince, except Albany, as shown by the following table:

It is interesting to note a description of the county in 1756, whichthen included Putnam, by Judge William Smith, the New York his-torian.

"The south part of the county is mountainous and fit only for ironworks, but the rest contains a great quantity of good upland wellwatered. The only villages in it are Poughkeepsie and the FishKill, though they scarce deserve the name. The inhabitants on thebanks of the river are Dutch, but those more easterly. Englishmen,and, for the most part, emigrants from Connecticut and Long Island.There is no episcopal church in it. The growth of this county hasbeen very sudden, and commenced but a few years ago. Within thememory of persons now living, it did not contain above twelve fami-lies; and, according to the late returns of the militia, it will furnishat present, above two thousand five hundred fighting men."

In what is now the town of Germantown, which was a part ofDutchess, until 1717, when it was annexed to Albany county (nowColumbia), was planted in 1710 a colony of German refugees, fromthe Palatinate, on the Rhine, numbering 1194. Their villages, whichwere nothing more than a series of small lodges or temporary huts,were located on a tract of six thousand acres, covered with a growthof pine timber, especially adapted to the industry in which it wasproposed to give them employment, that of raising hemp and makingtar pitch and resin for the English Navy.^ A similar colony waslocated on the west side of the river, in the town of Saugerties, Ulster

1. At a council between the Governor and deputies representing the Palatines at theManor of Livingston, the deputies "told his excellency that they would rather lose theirlives than remain where they are, that they are cheated hy the contract, It not being thesame read to them In England. That seven years after they had had forty acres givento^hem, they were to repay the Queen by hemp, mast-trees, tar and pitch or anything else

county, and the two settlements were designated respectively EastCamp and West Camp. Their affairs were managed by a board ofcommissioners, composed of Robert Livingston, Richard Sackett,John Cast, Godfrey Walsen, Andrew Bagger and Henry Schureman.These Palatines, however, soon became restive under the restraintsimposed on them, and many removed to the Mohawk and Schoharievalleys. Others located at Rhinebeck about 1715, where they wereknown as the "High Butchers." They occupied the land of HenryBeekman north of the Hog Ridge and about the old German Re-formed Church at Pink's Corner, and the name of Ryn Beek was con-fined to these lands until the organization of the Precinct in 1734.

The sheriff's list of landowners in the county in 1740, does notcpntain the names of the Quakers who formed a little communityat Quaker Hill in the present town of Pawling, begun in 1730. Ben-jamin Ferris and Nathan Birdsall were here as early as 1728, comingfrom the town of Rye, Westchester county. Between the years 1730and 1740, the tide of emigration was brisk to this fertile section of thecounty. Among those who arrived at that period are found thenames of Aiken, Irish, Wing, Taber, Osbom, Briggs, Hoag, Dakin,Toffey, Merritt, Russell. Many of these settlers came from Massa-chusetts and Rhode Island, although John Cox, Jr., Librarian ofthe Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends, says "the records donot show in any direct way where the members came from." Follow-ing a Colonial act passed February 19, 1755, relative to regulatingthe militia, an enrollment was made of the Friends or Quakers in thecounty who claimed exemption from military duty. They are thusrecorded with their locations and occupations.

Oblongdo.do.do.do.do.dado.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.Beekman Precinct,do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.do.

Rev. Warren H. Wilson of Brooklyn, published in 1907, a socio-logical study entitled "Quaker Hill," in which he gives a list of theheads of families in the Oblong Meeting of 1760; also those who hadaccounts at the store of Daniel Merritt, on Quaker Hill, in 1771, asthe jiames appeared in his Ledger. These names, with those abovequoted, practically include all the families who formed this interesting

A summary of the population by towns according to the first Fed-eral census, taken in 1790, and published in 1908 by the U. S. CensusBureau, places the total number of inhabitants in the county at 45,266,thus classified:

Details of settlements are remanded to the histories of the townsin which they came to be included, a sufficient number of persons hav-ing been named who wrought the evolution of the county in the pioneerera.

Fortunately these pioneers were not harassed by Indian wars whichdesolated other counties, but their herds and flocks did not enjoy equalimmunity from the savage denizens of the forest. In 1726 and 1728laws were passed by the State Legislature for the destruction of wolvesin Albany, Dutchess and Orange counties. Again in 1741 an actwas passed "to encourage the destroying of wolves and panthers inDutchess county."

Contrary to the unfavorable opinion entertained of lands in thewestern portion of the county, which certain Dutch burghers fromUlster county reported were not worth crossing the river for, the soilpossessed a fertihty unknown to the lands in many portions of theState, responding generously to the exertions of the pioneers.

WHEN Col. Thomas Dongan was appointed Governor ofthe province in 1682, he was instructed to organize aCouncil, to be composed of not exceeding ten of "themost eminent inhabitants," and to issue writs to the proper officersfor the election of "a general assembly of all th* freeholders by thepersons who they shall choose to represent them," in order to consultwith him and his council "what laws are fit and necessary to be madeand established" for the good government of the province "and allthe inhabitants thereof." On the t7th of October, 1683, the assemblythus authorized met at Fort James in New York. It was composedof delegates from all parts of the province, and during its sessionof three weeks passed fourteen several acts, which were assented toby the Governor and his Council. Among these laws was one "ToDivide the Province and Dependencys into Shires and Countyes,"passed November 1st. Twelve counties were erected as follows: Al-bany, Cornwall, Duke's, Dutchess, Kings, New York, Orange, Queens,Richmond, Suffolk, Ulster, and Westchester. The county of Corn-wall consisted of what was known as the district of Penaquid (nowin Maine), and Duke's county consisted of several islands on the coastof Massachusetts. These counties wtjre included in the patent to theDuke of York. They were detached on the reorganization of thegovernment in 1691.

The boundaries of Dutchess were thus defined: "to be from thebounds of the County of Westchester on the South Side of the High-lands along the east side of Hudson's River as far as Roelof JansensCreeke and eastward into the woods twenty miles." This territoryincluded the present county of Putnam and the towns of Clermontand Germantown in Columbia County. The latter were a part ofLivingston's Manor and were annexed to Albany county May 27,

1717. Putnam was constituted a separate county June 12, 1812.Although thus organized in 1683 it was only a county in name,—adistrict in the wilderness with boundaries upon paper; supposed tobe uninhabited by white men; and October 18, 1701, "having very fewinhabitants," was provisionally annexed to Ulster county, where itsfreeholders were entitled to vote. It retained that connection untilOctober 23, 1713, when having increased in population, a provincialact empowered the Justices of the Peace to issue warrants for anelection to be held "at any time before the first Tuesday in Septem-ber next (1714), to make choice of one Free-holder to be supervisor,one Treasurer, two Assessors and two Collectors," for each ward.Although no records can be found of such election, it appears to havebeen held within the specified time, as evidenced by the followingreceipt, which names the collectors in the south ward.^

New Yorke 13 Augts: 1715.Then Received off John D: graeff & John Schouten Col-lectors off ye South ward In Dutchess County on ye Tennthousand pound Tax the Summe off Seventeen pounds threepence halfe penny & Eight Shillings Eight pence halfepenny for ye Treasurers Salary I say Receved by ye handsof Mr. Richd: Saccatt.

Further indication of civil organization in the county at that period,is apparent from the fact that the name of Leonard Lewis is men-tioned in the civil list, as representing the County of Dutchess in theFifteenth Assembly, 1713-1714; and Capt. Richard Sackett was ap-pointed the first county clerk in 1715. Lewis was a resident of Pough-keepsie and received the first appointment of the Court of CommonPleas in the county. Sackett, the pioneer settler of Amenia, lived inNew York City until 1704. In 1711-12 he was assisting in the man-agement of the affairs of the Palatines at East Camp, and was prob-ably living in Amenia at the time he became county clerk.

Records appear of elections held at Poughkeepsie the first Tuesdayin A|)ril, 1718 and 1719, at which there was but one Supervisor chosen

—Henry van Der Burgh—presumably for the Middle ward. Variousother officers were elected for the three wards. In the election re-turns of April 5, 1720, the officers for each ward are thus given :^

Att an Ellection held at Pocapsing the first Tusday In April It being on theSth of the Same Instant for the Year 1720 These are Officers Chosen forDutchis County In Every Ward

Peter Veley & Hendrick pels Survayors of the fencessFor the South Ward the fSsh Kill are Chosen •

Gerrett Van Vledt & Jan Buys Survayors of the ffencesFor the North Ward are Chosen

Colonial act of June 24, 1719, legalized the division of the countyinto the Southern, Middle and Northern Wards and defined theirboundaries. From the receipt previously quoted, and from the taxlist given in a preceding chapter it is evident this division existed asearly as 1715. The South Ward extended from the southern borderof the county below the Highlands north to Wappinger Creek; theMiddle Ward thence to Cline Sopus Island (Esopus Island oppositethe central portion of the town of Hyde Park) and the North Wardthence to RoelaiF Jansens Kill. Although no eastern boundaries arestated, these wards probably extended to the Connecticut line.

Each ward was entitled to one supervisor, chosen annually, ofwhich the following is a complete list:

By Colonial act of December 16, 1737, Dutchess county was dividedinto seven Precincts—designated Beekman, Crom Elbow, North,Poughkeepsie, Rhinebeck, Rombout and South, with municipal regu-lations similar to those of towns. Beekman's covered a tract nearlycorresponding with the boundaries of that patent. Crom Elbow cov-ered a portion of the Great Nine Partners grant and continued itsexistence until 1762, when it was divided into the precincts of Char-lotte and Amenia. North comprised the Little Nine Partners tract,and in 1746 was designated North East after its extension across theOblong. Poughkeepsie corresponded with the present town of thatnam% Rhinebeck included the towns of Red Hook, Rhinebeck andthe northern half of Hyde Park. Rombout comprised the territory

of the Rombout patent; and South extended below the Highlands tothe southern border of the county.

A reorganization of South in 1772, created the precincts of Philipse,Frederickstown and South East within the present limits of Putnamcounty. Other divisions of the original precincts were North East,December 16, 1746, comprising the territory of the present townsof Milan, Pine Plains and North East; Pawling, set off from the east-ern half of Beekman's, December 31, 1768, including the presenttowns of Pawling and Dover; Charlotte, March 20, 1762, consist-ing of the western portion of the Great Nine Partners tract; Amenia,March 20, 1762, consisting of nine of the easternmost lots of the GreatNine Partners tract and of that part of the Oblong between these lotsand the Connecticut line.

By the act of 1737 the inhabitants of the Precincts were requiredto elect annually supervisors, assessors, collectors, etc., but Precinctclerks were not authorized until 1741. They neglected, however, toreport a record of elections, and in 1748, Arnout Viele, Justice of thePeace, holding Court of General Sessions at Poughkeepsie, "orderedthat all and every precinct clerk in this county * » * * makedue return of the election of their respective precincts of the officerschosen * * * * unto the clerk of the peace, under penalty ofthirty shillings to be paid by every such precinct or town clerk omit-ting." Whether the clerks in all precincts complied with this ordercannot be ascertained. The earher records, which undoubtedly wouldcontain much of historical interest, have, through the frequent changesof officials and their removal from place to place, been lost or destroyed,and those records now in possession of the towns, with a few excep-tions, are fragmentary and disconnected.

The first record of Precinct Officers in the County Clerk's office be-gins with the year 1754. Officers of Poughkeepsie Precinct are com-plete from 1742, and the record book is preserved in the AdrianceMemorial Library.

From the records of Supervisors' Meetings beginning with the year1738, a hst of the Supervisors who were present appears as follows:

1738 Francis Filkin, Hendricus Heermanse, Francis de Lange, Isack Filkin, JohnMontross.

1739 Johannes Van Kleeck, Hendricus Heermanse, John Montross, Isack Filkin,John Carman.

1740 Henry Heermans, John Van Kleeck, John Montross, John Carman, HenryFilkin, Francis Nellson.

1741 Henry Heermans, John "Van Kleeck, Francis Nellson, John Carman, HenryFilkin, John BrinckerhofF.

1742 Henry Heermans, John Van Kleeck, Francis Nellson, John Carman, HenryFilkin, John Brinckerhoff.

1743 John Van Kleeck, Henry Heermans, Henry Filkin, Francis Nellson, JohnBrinckerhofF, George Ellsworth.

1744 John Van Kleeck, Francis Nellson, Henry Filkin, Jacob Rutsen, JohnBrinckerhoff, Thomas Barker.

1745 John Van Kleeck, Henry Brinckerhoff, Samuel Field, Jacob Rutsen, HenryFilkin, Isaiah Ross, Thomas Barker.

1746 John Van Kleeck, Henry Filkin, Samuel Field, Henry Ter Boss, Jacob Rut-sen, John Carman.

1747 John Van Kleeck, Samuel Field, Henry Filkin, Henry Terboss, James Dun-can, Arnout Viele, Martin Hoffman.

1748 John Van Kleeck, Henry Filkin, Samuel Field, James Dunean, MartinHoffman, Arnout Viele.

With the exception of Poughkeepsie and Rhinebeck Precincts, thesupervisors for the years 1749, '50, '51, '52 and 53 cannot be given, asdiligent search and inquiry fails to locate the "Fourth Book of theSupervisors" covering that period. The following list classifies thesupervisors according to Precincts:

1763 Edmund Perlee1764—'66 Stephen Hopkins1767 Edmund Perlee1768—'75 Ephraim Paine1776 Silas Marsh1777—'78 Roswell Hopkins1779—'80 Dr. John Chamberlain1781 Colbe Chamberlain1783—'83 Ephrlam Paine

1775 Cornelius Humfrey1776—'80 James Smith1781—'82 James Talmage1783 No record given1784—'85 Isaac Bloom

1769 Gilbert Livingston1770—'71 Richard Snedeker1772_'76 Zephaniah Piatt1777_'79 Samuel Dodge

SOUTHERN.1754—'56 Samuel Fields1757-'59 Petrus Du Boys1760—'62 PhiUp PhiUpse1763—'65 Beverly Robinson1766 Philip Philipse

1767—'69 Beverly Robinson1770—'71 TertuUus DickensonDivided into Philipse, Fredricksburgh,and Southeast in 1772.

The following assessment table shows the relative wealth of pre-cincts at different periods:

A general organization act passed March 7, 1788, divided the Stateinto fourteen counties, which were subdivided into townships instead ofPrecincts. Dutchess then comprised the following towns: Amenia,Beekman, Clinton, (formed March 13, 1786, from portions of Char-lotte and Rhinebeck Precincts) Fishkill, North East, Pawling, Pough-keepsie, Rhinebeck and Washington. The towns of Kent, Philipstownand South East, now in Putnam county, were also qrected by this act.Towns were formed by the Legislature until 1849, when power wasgiven to the several Boards of Supervisors (except in New YorkCounty) to divide or erect new towns when such division does not place

parts of the same town in more than one assembly district. Towns'erected subsequent to the general organization act are: Stanford,March 12, 1793; Carmel and Patterson (now in Putnam) March 17,1796; Dover February 20, 1807; Red Hook, June 2, 1812; Milan,March 10, 1818; Hyde Park, January 20, 1821; Pleasant Valley,January 26, 1821; La Grange (formerly Freedom) February 9,1821; Pine Plains, March 26, 1823; Union Vale, March 1, 1827;East Fishkill, November 29, 1849; W^appinger, May 20, 1875. Alist of Town Supervisors will be found in connection with the varioustown histories.

The construction of a county house and prison in Dutchess countywas authorized by an act of the General Assembly passed July 21,1715. It directed the freeholders to elect two ^of their number tosupervise its erection at such "place as to them shall be meet and con-venient, for the most ease and benefit of the Inhabitants of the saidCounty." It further directed that a tax be levied on the county not toexceed "the Sum of Two hundred and fifty Ounces of good Mexico,PiUar or Sevill Plate," to defray the expense; and that the building beconstructed "within two years after the publication thereof." Ap-parently no action was taken by the freeholders at that time, and asecond act passed May 27, 1717, directed the construction and com-pletion of the building within three years "at or near the most con-venient place at Poughkeepsie." Pursuant to the latter act the free-holders met at Poughkeepsie, June 22, 1717, near the house of Leon-ard Lewis, and chose "by plurallety of Voyses Capt. Bareendt VanKleeck & Mr. Jacobes Van Den Bogert Tow Be the Supervisors andDirecktors for building & finisching the County house and presin attpochkeepsen." Subsequent records^ indicate that the first court houseand jail were completed within the required time, and not in 1745 asstated in French's State Gazetteer. Taxes were collected in 1718 and1720 towards payment of the cost of this building, and the report ofCounty proceedings in 1722, state that meetings were held in the courthouse. Colonial act passed December 17, 1743, authorized "theJustices of the Peace in Dutchess County to build a Court House &Goal or to enlarge and Repair the old one." This building was erectedin 1746; the assessment of $18,000 being distributed among the vari-

ous precincts according to their population and valuation. The pre-cinct of Rhinebeck and Rombout paid one half of this assessment. Themoney was received and disbursed by Mr. Henry Livingston, chief ofthe Board of Commissioners, appointed to supervise its construction.It was in this Structure that the Legislature frequently held Sessionsduring the Revolution. Early in 1785 the building was destroyedby fire, and April 4th the Sheriff was directed to transfer his prisonersto the Ulster county jail. April ll, 1785, the sum of £1^500 was ap-propriated for its reconstructi6n,,and in 1786 arid 1787 a further taxamounting to £3,300, was levied.

In 1788 the Legislature resumed its session in the new Court House.This building was also doomed to destruction by fire, which originatedin one of: the lower apartments of. the jail, the night of September35th, 1806. Despite these fires, it is noteworthy that the public docu-ments were saved. Prepafa^tions for rebuilding were soon begun, andby act of March 24j 1809, $12,000 was set aside for that purpose;this sum was supplemented in 1810 by an additional $13,000. Thebuilding was erected on the same site, although many favored rebuild-ing in a new location. This court house and jail was succeeded in1902, ,by;the construction of the present commodious building, whichthe growth of the county necessitated.

On the east side of this edifice a tablet was erected, in 1904), by theDaughters of theAmerican Revolution, in commemoration of the con-stitutionarconvention of 1788, inscribed as follows:

Asi account of this most important event in the history of the Stateof New York, will be found in Chapter XII.

Henry BeekmanJacobus TerBossHenry ^eekmanJohannis TappenHenry BeekmanHenry FilkinRobert LivingstonHenry LivingstonLeonard Van KleeckDirck Brinckerhoff

One member from Dutchess, John Johnson, 1716-1722.Delegates to PaoviifCLAL Conventiok, 177S.

Egbert Benson, Morris Graham, Robert R. Livingston.Deputies to Pboviitcial Congbesses. .

First Congress, 177S.Dirck BrinckerhoffAnthony HoffmanZephaniah PiattRichard MontgomerieEphraim PaineGilbert LivingstonJonathan Landon XGysbert Schenck rMelancton SmithNathaniel Sackett

Second Congress, 177S-'76.Petrus Ten BroeckBeverly RobinsonCornelius HumphreysHenry Schenck ■^Gilbert Livingston

John KaineJacob EversonMorris GrahamRobert G. LivingstonThird Congress, 1776.Robert R. LivingstdnJames LivingstonGilbert LivingstonJonathan LandonMorris GrahamHenry Schenck ^Theodorus Van WyckJohn Schenck "^Anthony HoffmanPaul Schenck /Nathaniel Sackett

Cornelius HumphreysZephaniah PiattJames VanderburghBenjamin DelavergneJohn FieldFourth Congress, 177e-'77.Zephaniah PiattNathaniel SackettGilbert CivingstonDoctor CraneHenry SchenckJames LivingstonJohn Schenck /Anthony HoffmanRobert R. LivingstonJonathan Landon

Zephaniah Piatt, appointed October 17, 1778, re-appointed October 25, 1781.Ephraim Paine, September 11, 1780.1 Jacobus Swartwout, January 31, 1784,re-appointed January 19, 1786. Anthony Hoffman, January 18, 17S8. ThomasTillotson, January 14, 1791. Abraham SchencKf January 7, 1796. AbrahamAdriance, February 7, 1804. Robert Williams, January 31, 1810. Peter R.Livingston, January 31, 1810. Stephen Barnum, February 3, 1819.

Judge op the Supreme Court op the United States.Smith Thompson, appointed September 21, 1833.

John Armstrong, appointed November, 1800. Theodorus Bailey, 1803. Nathan-iel P. Tallmadge, 1833, re-appointed 1840.

Charles H. Ruggles, elected June 7, 1847, re-elected November 8, 18S3.Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Smith Thompson, appointed February 3, 1814.Puisne Justices op the Supreme Court.

Morgan Lewis, appointed December 24, 1792; Egbert Benson, appointed Janu-ary 39, 1794; Smith Thompson, appointed January 8, li03.Circuit Judges (Secoxtd Circuit).

appointed March 9, 1831; Seward Barculo, appointed April 4, 1846.Justice of the General Term of the Supreme Court.

Joseph F. Barnard (Second Dept.), appointed December 25, 1870.Justices of the Supreme Court.

Morgan Lewis, elected April 1804; Levi P. Morton, elected November 6, 1894,Lieutenant-Governobs.

February 16, 1828; Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler, elected November 6, 1906.Adjutant General op the State.

James L. WiUiams, appointed April 18, 1883; William H. Wood, appointedJanuary 10, 1893; Martin Heermance, appointed January 20, 1896.

James Teller, appointed April 1, 1811, re-appointed March 7, 1815 and Feb-ruary 24, 1821.

First Board, Anthony Hoffman, Cornelius Humphrey; Second Board, GilbertLivingston; under system adopted 1787, Smith Thompson, appointed March13, 1813.

Harvey G. Eastman, appointed June 17, 1867, re-appointed March 19, 1873;James Roosevelt, appointed February 12, 1879; Sarah M. Carpenter, appointedJanuary 21, 1880.

ancton Smith, Jacobus Swartwout, Ezra Thompson.^1801—Jonathan Akin, Isaac Bloom, Caleb Hazen, Peter Huested, Edmund Farlee,Smith Thompson, Joseph Thorn, John Van Benthuysen, .Theodorus VanWyck, Ithamer Weed.1821—EUsha Barlow, Isaac Hunting, Peter R. Livingston, Abrahai^ H. Schenck,

James Tallmadge.1846—Peter K. DuBois, Charles H. Ruggles, James TaUmadge.1867—B. Piatt Carpenter, Wilson B. Sheldon, Homer A. Nelson.21894--Charles W. H. Arnold.State Senators.

1." Atkins and Swartwout voted against the Constitution. Thompson did not vote.2. Dele(?ate-at-Iarge.

Joshua Shearman,		Beekman Precinct,	Shoemaker.
Moses Shearman,		do.	Laborer.
Daniel Shearman,		do.	do.
Joseph Doty,		do.	Blacksmith,
John Wing,		do.	Farmer.
Zebulon Ferris,		(Oblong) do.	do.
Joseph Smith, son	of Richard,	do.	Laborer.
Robert Whiteley,		Oblong,	Farmer.
Elijah Doty,		Oblong House,	Carpenter.
Philip Allen,		Oblong,	Weaver.
Richard Smith		do.	Farmer.
James Aiken,		do.	Blacksmith.

VI	».«w		tS«-l
o	o E o		So
o II	white malesars and upwading headslies!	Hit	"4i	£Sid	s
11	oes-:	oS	0 93	og	>
		III *	%i	s 09
440	768	780	1449	29	52
510	847	951	1682	11	106
696	1173	1112	2115	31	176
88S	1366	1290	2643	41	601
914	1437	1540	2851	41	63
600	839	863	1597	22	80
676	1031	1068	2098	91	42
331	517	593	942	2	25
371	617	573	1092	48	199
514	875	756	1544	66	421
141	231	241	433	3	13
740	1267	1295	249420940	55	78
6718	10968	11062	440	1856

	'■1720	Johannes Terboss	1729	Jacobus Du Poyster
	1721	Peter Du Boys	1730	do do
	1722	Jacobus Swartwout	1731	do do
	1723	do do	1732	James Hussey
SOUTH.	1724	do do	1733	do do
	1725	James Hussey	1734	do do
	1726	Peter Du Boyes	1735	do do
	1727	Jacobus Swartwout	1736	Cornelius Van Wyck
	1728	Abraham Brinckorhoif	1737	do do
	1719	Henry Van Der Burgh	1729	Isaac Titsoort
	1720	do do do	1730	do do
	1721	do do do	1731	do do
	J 723	Barent Van Kleeck	1732	Frans Filkins
^Tr\T>T f?	1723	do do	1733	do do
l.l.UULdlU<	1724	Jacobus Van Den Bogert	1734	do do
	1725	Johannes Van Kleeck	1735	do do
	1726	Myndert Van Den Bogert	1736	do do
	1727	Peter Parmantor	1737	do do
	1728	Hendrick Pells
	-1720	William Trophage	1729	Hendricus Heermanse
	1721	do do	1730	do do
	1722	Hendricus Beekman	1731	do do
	1723	do do	1732	Barent Van Benthuysen
NORTH'	1724	Barent Van Wagenen	1733	do do
	1725	do do	1734	Hendricus Heermanse
	1726	Barent Van Benthuysen	1735	do do
	1727	Hendricus Heermanse	1736	do do
	1728	do do	1737	do do

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	RHINEBECK.	1763—'65	Caleb Smith
1749—'SI	John Van Dense	1766	Elisha Colven
I7S2—'56	Gerrett Van Benthuysen	1767-'69	Andrus Bostwick
1756—'58	Petrus De Witt	1770	James Attwater
1759-'60	Gerret Van Benthuysen	1771—'74	Morris Graham
1761	Petrus De Witt	1775—'76	Israel Thompson
1762	Peter Van Benthuysen	1777—'78	Hugh Rea
1763—'66	Peter Ten Brook	1779—'81	Lewis Graham
1767—'71	John Van Ess	1782	Hugh Rea
1772—'74	James Smith	1783	Uriah Lawrence
1775	John Van Ness	1784	Lewis Graham
1776—'80	Peter De Witt	1785—'87	John White
1781—'85	Anthony Hoffman		CROM ELBOW.
1786—'87	Peter Contine	1754—'55	Isaac Germond
	NORTH EAST.	1756—'58	William Doughty
17S4r-'55	Arnont Viele	1759—'61	Charles Crooke
1756—'60	James I. Ross	Divided into Precincts of Amenii
1761 •	No record given	and Charlotte, 1762.
1762	James I. Ross

L	L	■ s	d
20	00	18	9
10	00	9	4^
5	00	4	8^
5	00	4	8J4
1	00	0	1114
5	00	4	614
S	00	4	8J4
5	00	4	8J4
4	00	3	9
6	00	4	8J4
5	00	4	8%
4	00	3	9
1	00	0	11J4
3	00	2	10
3	00	2	10
6	00	S	7J^
6	00	5	"^'A
8	00	7	6
2	00	1	lOi^
2	00	1	1054
5	00	4	8J4
4	00	3	9
3	00	2	10
4	00	S	9
3	00	2	10

L	L	s	d
35	03	03	3J4
10	00	13	1
4	00	04	10
53	03	04	0J4
04	00	04	10
06	00	or	3
10	00	13	1
11	00	13	S}4
30	01	04	3)4
01	00	01	354
13	00	15	8^
35	03	03	3^
3*	01	09	0
05	00	06	OH
05	00	06	oy2
03	00	03	7^
58	03	10	1
53	03	02	10)4
11	00	13	sy2
05	00	06	0
55	03	06	5
OS	00	106	0
23	01	06	7
13	00	15	854
13	00	15	854
03	00	3	7/2
45	02	14	454
14	00	16	11
03	00	03	75^
01	00	01	354
01	00	01	354
03	00	03	sy.
03	00	03	syz
10	00	13	1

L	L	s	d
OS	GO	06	oy2
03	00	02	6
06	00	07	3
06	00	07	3
OS	00	6	054
08	00	9	8
57	03	8	loy^
23	01	6	7
OS	00	6	oy2
15	00	18	154
53	03	04	oy2
07	00	8	sy
05	00	6	oy2
07	00	8	sy
06	00	7	sy
05	00	6	ay
17	01	0	ey
04	00	4	10
07	00	8	6y
01	00	1	ay
10	00	12	1
01	00	1	^y
13	00	14	6
03	00	3	S
02	00	2	5
34	01	9	0
06	00	7	3
09	00	10	10
05	00	6	oy
02	00	2	5
04	00	4	10

1780—'82	John Bailey, Junr.
1783	Peter Tappen
1784	Gilbert Livingston
1785	Lewis Du Boice
1786	Lewis Duboys
1787	John Van Kleeck
	BEEKMAN.
1754—'58	John Carman
1759—'60	No record given
1761—'62	Bartholomew Noxon
1763	William Humfrey
1764—'69	Bartholomew Noxon
1770—'74	Joshua Carman
1775—'79	James Van Der Burgh
1780—'83	Jonathan Dennis
1784—'86	Ebenezer Cary
1787	Jonathan Dennis

177S	Joshua Nellson	1773	Joseph Crane, Jr.
1776—'85	No record given	1774—'78	John Field
1786	George Lane	1779—'80	William Mott
1787	John Hyalt	1781	Joseph Crane
FREDRICKSBURGH. 1772—'75 TertnUus Dickenson1776—'78 Henry Ludington1779—'S4 Ruben Ferris	17821783—'87 1770	Isaac CrosbyJoseph Crane PAWLING.Nathan Pearce
1785	No record given	1771—'73	John Kane
1786	Capt. John Drake	1774—'75	Andrew Morehouse
1787	Ruben Ferris	1776—'80	Jeremiah French
	SOUTH EAST.	1781—'831783—'86	Isaac TalmanWilliam Pearse
1773	No record given	1787	No record given

PRECINCTS.	1747	1757	1767	1771
Southern	£ 742	£ 813	£1,113	£1,377
Rombout	1,970	2,441	3,027	1,888
Beekman	931	1,490	1,834	786
Poughkeepsie	895	933	801	808
Crom Elbow	891	2,175
Charlotte			1,807	1,908
Amenia			840	816
Rhinebeck	2,366	2,893	3,303	1,971
North East	106	436	485	547
Pawlings				923
Total	7,791	11,180	11,109	11,024