Appendix: Tables

TABLE 1-1
The Growth of National Government in El Salvador as Measured by Average Tenure of Presidential Incumbents, 1824–1979

Period Years Number of Different Incumbents Average Tenure in Office (years)a
Federation 1824−1838 17   .82
Transition 1838−1841   8   .38
Informal republic 1841−1859 42   .43
Liberal republic 1859−1898 22 1.77
Oligarchic republic 1898−1931 11 3.00
Military Dominance:
Personalist rule 1931−1948   8 2.13
Institutional rule 1948−1979   9 3.44

Source: Adapted from El Salvador, Casa Presidencial, El Salvador, 1974–1975 (San Salvador: Departamento de Relaciones Públicas, 1974).

a. Average number of years in power for each incumbent during the period.

TABLE 1-2
The Growth of Government and Successful Military Coups

Period Considered Successful Coups Frequency (years)a
1841–1866 42     .62
1890–1915   3   8.67
1916–1941   1 26.00
1944–1961   5   3.60
1962–1979   1 18.00
1841–1979 52   2.67

Source: Adapted from Flores Pinel, “Golpe de Estado,” p. 892.

a. Number of years lapsed between successful coups during the period.

TABLE 2-1
Use of Private Credit in El Salvador, 1961–1975 (percentages)

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Source: Computed from Burke, “Sistema de Plantación,” p. 485, statistical appendix, chart 2 (from Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador).

a. Includes credit by the Banco Hipotecario de El Salvador. Current prices, end-of-year balances.

b. Jan.–July only.

c. Includes industry, transportation, finance, retail and wholesale commerce, utilities, and services.

d. In millions of colones.

TABLE 2-2
Salaries of Coffee Workers in El Salvador for Selected Years, 1952–1980

Crop Years Colones per Daya
1979–80 14.25
1978–79   9.75
1970–71   3.57
1965–66   2.55
1964b   1.61
1952b   1.57

Source: Latin America Commodities Report, CR-79-03a, 7 December 1979, p. 4; and Daniel and Ester Slutzky, “Estructura de la Explotación,” p. 105.

a. Colones in current prices.

b. One colón = US$ 0.40.

TABLE 2-3
Sources of Income of the Majority of Families in the Agricultural Sector in El Salvador, 1975

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Source: Computed from Burke, “Sistema de Plantación,” pp. 476, 479 (from United Nations, undp/otc, 1976, charts 5, 12, and 18).

Note: Salary figures in colones, at current prices. One hectare is equal to 2.471 acres.

TABLE 3-1
Contemporary Presidential Races in El Salvador

Year Government Opposition
1950 PRUD: Oscar Osorio (57%) PAR: José A. Menéndez (43%)
1956 PRUD: José M. Lemus (94%) PAR: Enrique Magaña (3%)
    PAC: Rafael Carranza (3%)
    PAN: Roberto E. Canessa (dq.)
    PDN: José A. Diaz (dq.)
1962 PCN: Julio A. Rivera (92%) blank ballots (8%)
1967 PCN: Fidel Sánchez (54%) PDC: Abraham Rodriguez (22%)
    PAR: Fabio Castillo (14%)
    PPS: Alvaro Martínez (10%)
1972a PCN: Arturo Molina 334,600 UNO: José A. Duarte 324,756
    FUDI: José A. Medrano 94,367
    PPS: José A. Rodríguez Porth 16,871
1977 PCN: Carlos H. Romero 812,281 UNO: Ernesto Claramount 394,661

Source: 1950–67: Mario Monteforte Toledo, Centroamérica, 2:78–80; 1972–77: Stephen Webre, José Napoleón Duarte, pp. 171–72.

Note: The UNO was a coalition composed of the PDC, the MNR, and the UDN.

a. Official results. According to the UNO the results were PCN: 317,535; UNO: 326,968.

TABLE 4-1
Political Violence in El Salvador, 1972–1979

  Administration
Categories Molina Romero
Initiated by government:    
    Political assassinations   37 461
    Wounded by security forces   78   88
    Prosecuted for political offenses 113 477
    “Disappeared”   69 131
    Other terrorist acts     9   15
    Priests killed     2     4
Initiated by the guerrillas:    
    Attacks   31   60
    Killings of security personnel   24   58
    Killings of paramilitary personnel   18   74
    Wounded in guerrilla attacks   11   14
    Kidnappings     8   16
 

Source: López Vallecillos, “Rasgos Sociales,” p. 871.

TABLE 7-1
Estimates of the Number of Victims of Government and Rightist Violence from January through September 1981

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Source: SALPRESS weekly news summaries as follows:

a. with data from Socorro Jurídico release of 3 November 1981.

b. with data from Solidaridad, issue of 12 July 1981.

c. Miami Herald, 26 April 1981, p. 18C; no breakdown reported.

Note: Other categories omitted because of low frequency or unsystematic reporting.

TABLE 8-1
Final Results of the Constituent Assembly Election of 28 March 19821

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Source: Computed from U.S. Department of State, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, VI, Central America, 2 Apr. 1982, 1.

TABLE 8-2
Approximate Distribution of the Vote in the Constituent Assembly Election of 28 March 1982, by Department

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Source: Computed from U.S. Department of State, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, VI, Central America, I Apr. 1982, pp. 1–2.

TABLE 8-3
Cooperatives Organized under Phase I of the Agrarian Reform, December 1981

Department Number of Cooperatives Total Area Number Abandoned
Ahuachapan 27 21,174 —
Santa Ana 28 27,669 3
Sonsonate 34 42,424 —
La Libertad 54 56,167 4
Chalatenango   9 10,846 1
San Salvador 14 19.399 2
Cuscatlan   3   4,923 1
La Paz 43 37,426 3
Cabanas   2   1,042
San Vicente 27 24,486 9
Usulutan 46 40,280 7
San Miguel 20 28,864 1
Morazan   2   1,856 —
La Union 17 23,120 1
Unknown location — — 35  
 

Source: Proceso, 2, 55 (1–7 March 1982), p. 8, from Pecchi and Company, Agrarian Reform in El Salvador. Study presented to the Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C, December 1981.

Note: All areas are in manzanas. One manzana is equal to approximately 17 acres. Land area abandoned refers to the land affected by the Reform, turned over to cooperatives and then abandoned by the cooperativists for lack of credit or other difficulties. Percent abandoned refers to the cooperatives abandoned as a percent of all cooperatives. Percent, area abandoned is the proportion of the land affected by the Reform which has now been abandoned.

Land Area Abandoned Percent Abandoned Percent, Area Abandoned
— — —
1,243 10.7 4.5
— — —
3.320 7.4 5.9
3,288 11.1 30.3
2,863 14.1 14.7
439 33.3 8.9
2,165 6.9 5.8
— — —
5,036 33.0 20.6
5,530 152 13.7
831 5.0 3.0
— — —
2,056 5.9 8.9
27,897 — —