1 U.S. Department of State, Background Note: Guyana, 1-6; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook 2002: Guyana, 2-8.

2 The website addresses are <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1984pf.htm> and <http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbok/print/gy.html>.

3 U.S. Department of State, Background Note: Guyana, 2-6; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook 2002: Guyana, 3-5.

4 New York Times, 30 October 1994, 10.

5 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 89-130; Singh, Guyana, 29-42.

6 Morris, CIA and American Labor, 78-79, 152-56; Radosh, American Labor, 393- 405.

7 Agee, Inside the Company, 293-94, 406; Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior, 357-58.

8 New York Times, 22 February 1967, 1, 17; Sunday Times, 16 April 1967, 1, 3 and 23 April 1967, 3.

9 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 123-202.

10 FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:ix-x, 513-613.

11 Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 79-98. See also Fraser, “ ‘New Frontier’ of Empire,” 583-609.

12 Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 203-24; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 3.

13 Leonard, “Central America and the United States,” 1-30.

14 FRUS, 1952-1954, Guatemala, iii-v.

15 For the historical literature on U.S. relations with Latin America since 1961, see Beisner, American Foreign Relations, 2:1505-62. See also Kornbluh, Pinochet File.

16 Eisenhower Library to author, 7 March 2003 (letter in author’s possession).

17 Rabe, “John F. Kennedy and Latin America,” 542-43.

18 David S. Patterson of Historical Office of State Department to author, 30 May 2001 (letter in author’s possession).

19 Schlesinger to Kennedy, 8 March 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:548.

20 Kennedy to Macmillan, 10 September 1963, CAB 21/5523. PRO.

21 Paragraph 8 of Special National Intelligence Estimate 87.2-62, “The Situation and Prospects in British Guiana,” 11 April 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:566. This same document can be found in folder 87.2 British Guiana, box 9, NSF: National Intelligence Estimates, LBJL.

22 B. Brentnol Blackman, assistant secretary (Education) of Caribbean Congress of Labour, to Meany, 29 April 1963, British Guiana (1) folder, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA .

23 Kennedy, “Imperial History,” 345; Rabe, “Marching Ahead,” 297-308.

24 Marks, “World According to Washington,” 265-82.

25 Clifford, “Bureaucratic Politics,” 161-68.

26 McCormick, “State of American Diplomatic History,” 119-41.

27 Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy, 46-91; Rosenberg, “Gender,” 116-24; Rosenberg, “Turning to Culture,” 497-514; Williams and Chrisman, Colonial Discourse , 1-20.

28 Fukuyama, End of History. For a discussion of Cold War “triumphalism,” see Gaddis, We Now Know, 294-95, and Leffler, “Cold War,” 523-24.

1 Churchill to Colonial Secretary Oliver Lyttleton, 27 May 1953, PM Minute 302/5 PREM 11/827,PRO.

2 Adamson, Sugar without Slaves, 15-18; Newman, British Guiana, 3-9; Singh, Guyana , 2-3; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 1-2; Smith British Guiana, 1-10.

3 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 3-6; Costa, Crowns of Glory, 5-37.

4 Costa, Crowns of Glory, 39-85.

5 Ibid., 39-85, 207-50.

6 Adamson, Sugar without Slaves, 31. See also Moore, Race, Power and Social Segmentation , 51-76; Singh, Guyana, 7-8.

7 Smith, British Guiana, 134-44; Moore, Race, Power and Social Segmentation, 93- 135; Moore, “Colonial Images,” 127-41.

8 Northrup, “Migration,” 88-100; Heuman, “British West Indies,” 470-93; Hollett, Passage from India; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 6-9.

9 Northrup, “Migration,” 98; Northrup, Indentured Labor, 59-70; Laurence, Question of Labour, 78-103, 532-33; Elizabeth Rabe, “From India to the Sugar Fields,” 25-36.

10 Governor John Scott to Earl Kimberly, 8 July 1871, CO 111/386, PRO. The author thanks Elizabeth R. Rabe for providing this citation.

11 Adamson, Sugar without Slaves, 263.

12 Ibid., 112-13, 145; Laurence, Question of Labour, 131-66, 197-228; “Report of Commission Appointed to Inquire into Treatment of Immigrants in British Guiana,” June 1871, in Irish University Press Series of BPP: Emigration, 24, part 1:262, 266, 302; Appendices to the Report on Treatment of Immigrants in British Guiana, June 1871, ibid., 24, part 2:444, 452, 457; Peter Rushworth to Earl of Kimberly, 5 July 1873, CO 111/398, PRO.

13 Magistrate George William Des Voeux to Earl Granville, 25 December 1869, Irish University Press Series of BPP: Emigration, 24, part 1:173-86.

14 Luckhoo quoted in Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 93. See also New-man, British Guiana, 48-51; Elizabeth Rabe, “From India to the Sugar Fields,” 37- 59; Seecharan, “Tiger in the Stars,” 355; Heuman, “British West Indies,” 485; Laurence, Question of Labour, 384-431; Singh, Guyana, 8-10; Smith, British Guiana, 141.

15 Adamson, Sugar without Slaves, 13-14; Heuman, “British West Indies,” 490; Singh, Guyana, 6-7; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 9-10.

16 Johnson, “British Caribbean,” 615; Smith, British Guiana, 8; Spinner, Social and Political History of Guyana, 9-12.

17 Jagan, West on Trial, 62; Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 37-48; David, Economic Development of Guyana, xvii-xviii.

18 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 16-17, 62-76.

19 Naipaul, Middle Passage, 132. See also Swan, British Guiana, 133.

20 Hintzen, Costs of Regime Survival, 33-34; Singh, Guyana, 19; Rich, Race and Empire, 155-60; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 28-29.

21 Jagan, West on Trial, 11-23, 43-56.

22 U.S. Consul Everett Melby to State Department on Jagan testimony, 8 July 1962, 741D.00/7-862, DSR, NA; Governor Patrick Renison to Colonial Office on talks between Renison, Undersecretary of State John Profumo, and Jagan, 4 May 1958, CO 1031/2412, PRO; transcript of Jagan interview on Meet the Press, 15 October 1961, folders 9/63 to 11/22/63, box 15A , NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Newman, British Guiana, 83-84; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 17-22.

23 An insightful account of Janet Rosenberg Jagan’s life is presented in Wasserman, Thunder in Guyana.

24 Jagan, West on Trial, 54-56.

25 Sires, “British Guiana,” 562; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 22-31.

26 Jagan, West on Trial, 69-100; Sires, “British Guiana,” 560.

27 Newman, British Guiana, 31-76; Smith, British Guiana, 1-10, 134-43.

28 Despres, Cultural Pluralism, 14-16, 30, 279; Halperin, “Racism and Communism,” 100-106; Moore, “Colonial Images,” 156-58; Seecharan, “Tiger in the Stars,” 368. For a twenty-first century variation on the cultural pluralism theme, see Chua, World on Fire, 6-12, 112-15.

29 Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 22-23, 143-48.

30 Smith, British Guiana, 134-43, 198-206; International Bank, Economic Development of British Guiana, 10-15. See also Landis, “Racial Polarization,” 255-67; Rodney, History of the Guyanese Working People, 174-89; Moore, Race, Power, and Social Segmentation, 213-23.

31 Colonial Office, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Disturbances, 7.

32 Goldsworthy, Colonial Issues, 9, 15; Goldsworthy, “Keeping Change Within Bounds,” 81.

33 Colonial Office, British Guiana: Report of the Constitutional Commission, 1950-1951; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 33-35.

34 Jagan, West on Trial, 100.

35 Minute by Mayle, 28 June 1951, CO 1031/128, Mayle to Charles Campbell Woolley, 10 November 1951, CO 1031/776, notes by Mayle on visit to British Guiana, 12 March 1952, CO 1031/776, PRO.

36 Churchill to President Eisenhower, 8 August 1954, FRUS, 1952-1954, 6:1050-52. See also Goldsworthy, “Keeping Change Within Bounds,” 82-85.

37 Lyttleton, Memoirs, 352-55.

38 Churchill to Lyttleton, 5 May 1953, PM Minute 130/53, PREM 11/227, PRO.

39 James S. Lay, Executive Secretary of NSC, to NSC, “Security of Strategically Important Industrial Operations in Foreign Countries,” 1 October 1953, NSC 163/1 Industrial Operations Foreign Countries folder, box 7, OSANSA , NSC series, Policy Papers subseries, DDEL; Lay to NSC, “Source of U.S. Aluminum Supply in Time of War,” 16 October 1953, FRUS, 1952-1954, 1:1021-27; minutes of 167th meeting of NSC, ibid., 1036-38.

40 Consul Eugene H. Johnson to State Department, 19 April 1950, 741D.00/4-1950, Vice Consul T. E. Burke to State Department, 9 December 1950, 741D.00/12- 950, Vice Consul Wesley Jorgensen to State Department, 19 November 1952, 841D.2569/11-1952, DSR, NA.

41 Eisenhower to Churchill, 22 July 1954, FRUS, 1952-1954, 6:1045-48; Churchill to Eisenhower, 8 August 1954, ibid., 1050-52. See also Churchill to Eisenhower, 5 April 1953, FRUS, 1952-1954, 9:2042-44; Lyttleton, Memoirs, 355.

42 A copy and analyses of NSC 68 can be found in May, American Cold War Strategy.

43 Bowie and Immerman, Waging Peace, 149-221; Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 42-63.

44 MacShane, International Labour, 79-96; Morgan, Covert Life, 145, 198-99, 214-15.

45 Zieger, CIO, 253-93; MacShane, International Labour, 97-118; Battista, “Unions and Cold War Foreign Policy,” 443.

46 Morgan, Covert Life, 338-40; MacShane, International Labour, 139-43; Romualdi, Presidents and Peons, 420; Zieger and Gall, American Workers, 220.

47 Romualdi to Lovestone, 25 March 1953, folder 2, box 9, Romualdi, “Free British Guiana Labor Fights Takeover by Cheddi Jagan Regime,” Inter-American Labor Bulletin , December 1961, folder 5, box 11, Romualdi Papers, Kheel Center, Cornell University; Romualdi, Presidents and Peons, 345-52.

48 Alexander to Romualdi, 3 May 1953, Alexander file, 1953, box 3/1, RG 18-009 IAD, Staff Files: Serafino Romualdi Files, 1945-1961, GMLA; Alexander to Lovestone, 9 June 1953, Alexander (3-4) 1953 folder, box 3, RG 18-003, IAD: Jay Lovestone Files, 1939-1974, GMLA. Lovestone underscored Alexander’s advice to contact the State Department.

49 Jagan, West on Trial, 120.

50 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 36-43; Singh, Guyana, 22-25.

51 Churchill to Lyttleton and Lyttleton to Churchill, both 5 May 1953, PM Minute 130/53, PREM 11/827, PRO.

52 Minute by P. V. Rogers on meeting with Campbell, 26 June 1953, CO 1031/119, letter of H. L. Steele, attorney for Sandbach, Parker, and Co., to directors of Demerara Company, Liverpool, 10 September 1953, CO 1031/118, PRO.

53 Vernon to Mayle and subsequent CO minutes, 13 July 1953, CO 1031/119, Colonial Office to Lyttleton, 1 October 1953, CO 1031/119, PRO.

54 Savage to Colonial Office, 5 May 1953, CO 1031/128, Savage to Colonial Office, 13 September 1953, CO 1031/119, Savage to Colonial Office, 19 September 1953, CO 1031/119, PRO; Savage to Colonial Office, 6 October 1953, minutes of Cabinet meeting, 6 October 1953, PREM 11/827, PRO.

55 H. Hopkinson to Colonial Office on meeting with Savage, 18 October 1954, PREM 11/827, PRO.

56 “Analysis of Security Situation in British Guiana,” by Rose, 16 July 1953, CO 1031/ 119, PRO.

57 Churchill to Lyttleton, 27 September 1953, PM Minute 302/53, PREM 11/827, PRO; Colonial Office to Lyttleton, 1 October 1953, CO 1031/119, PRO.

58 Lyttleton, Memoirs, 427-28; Savage to Colonial Office, 7 November 1954, CO 1031/ 1435, PRO.

59 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 130; Johnson, “British Caribbean,” 618.

60 Comments of T. W. Garvey of Foreign Office on “White Paper,” 19 October 1953, FO 371/103121, PRO; Colonial Office, British Guiana: Suspension of the Constitution.

61 Minutes of Cabinet meeting, 29 October 1953, PREM 11/827, PRO; Margaret Joy Tibbetts, second secretary in London embassy, to State Department, 26 October 1953, 741D.00/10-2653, DSR, NA; Sires, “British Guiana,” 568.

62 Hinden, “Case of British Guiana,” 18-22; Goldsworthy, Colonial Issues, 234-37; Howe, Anticolonialism in British Politics, 135-37, 207-10; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 49-59.

63 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 53; Despres, Cultural Pluralism, 222- 27.

64 Lyttleton, Memoirs, 429.

65 Maddox to State Department, 13 October 1953, 741D.00/10-1353, DSR, NA; Jagan, West on Trial, 138-39.

66 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 129; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 44, 53.

67 Mayle to Savage, 8 July 1953, CO 1031/118, PRO; minutes of Cabinet discussion, 2 October 1953, PREM 11/827, PRO.

68 Maddox to State Department, 27 May 1953, 741D.00/5-2753, DSR, NA; Time, 1 June 1953, 34.

69 Maddox to State Department, 16 July 1953, 741D.00/7-1653, DSR, NA; Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 127-28.

70 Maddox to State Department, 4 May 1953, 741.00/5-453, Maddox to State Department, 16 July 1953, 741D.00/7-1653, DSR, NA.

71 Maddox to State Department, 20 August 1953, 741D.00/8-2053, Maddox to State Department, 5 October 1953, 741D.00/10-553, DSR, NA.

72 Memorandum of conversation between G. Hayden Raynor of Bureau of North American Affairs and James Penfield of London embassy, 5 October 1953, 741D.00/ 10-553, DSR, NA.

73 Minutes of 165th meeting of NSC, 8 October 1953, 165th meeting folder, box 4, NSC Series, Ann Whitman File, DDEL.

74 Dulles circular to American Republics, 6 October 1953, 741D.00/10-653, DSR, NA; Second Progress Report on NSC 144/1, 20 November 1953, FRUS, 1952-1954, 4:29-30, 37-38.

75 Smith to embassy in New Delhi, 16 October 1953, 741D.00/10-1653, DSR, NA.

76 Ibid.; Raynor of Bureau of North American Affairs to Livingston Merchant of European Division, 15 May 1953, 741D.00/5-1553, DSR, NA.

77 Immerman, CIA in Guatemala, 102.

1 Colonial Office, “Paper on Constitutional Crisis in British Guiana,” 11 February 1955, CO 1031/1422, PRO.

2 Cabinet meeting minutes, 15 September 1954, Henry Brooke of Treasury to prime minister, 20 September 1954, PREM 11/827, PRO.

3 Savage to Colonial Office, 25 May 1954, CO 1031/1435, PRO.

4 Cabinet meeting minutes, 22 June 1955, PREM 11/827, PRO.

5 Philip Rogers to Thomas Lloyd, Colonial Office, 15 July 1955, CO 1031/1432, PRO.

6 Cabinet meeting minutes, 29 October 1953, PREM 11/827, PRO.

7 Savage to Colonial Office, 13 December 1953, CO 1031/790, Savage to Colonial Office, 7 November 1954, CO 1031/1435, PRO.

8 Tinker, Banyan Tree, 68; Jagan, West on Trial, 150-60; Wasserman, Thunder in Guyana.

9 Colonial officer Derek Lakeman in Georgetown to Colonial Office, 1 September 1955, note on discussion between Governor Renison and Sir Thomas Lloyd, 7 October 1955, W. G. Ash, chief information officer, United Kingdom Information Office, to W. T. A. Cox of Colonial Office Information Department, 11 September 1956, CO 1031/1432, memorandum of conversation between Lennox-Boyd and Patrick Gordon-Walker, n.d. [October 1955], CO 1031/1433, minute by Philip Rogers, Colonial Office, 25 January 1957, CO 1031/1426, PRO.

10 Note on discussion between Renison and Lloyd, 7 October 1955, CO 1031/1432, PRO; for data on unemployment see Consul A. John Cope to State Department, 14 July 1958, 841D.061/7-1458, DSR, NA.

11 Mayle to Rogers on Governor Savage’s request, 2 February 1954, CO 1031/1329, Colonial Office to Renison on Five-Year Plan, 27 December 1955, Renison to Colonial Office, 4 January 1956, CO 1031/1568, Renison to Rogers, 3 January 1956, Renison to Rogers, 3 July 1956, CO 1031/1432, PRO.

12 Memorandum of discussion between Mayle and George Woodcock of TUC, 1 July 1954, minutes of meeting between TUC officials and Colonial Office, 3 January 1957, CO 1031/1449, Mayle to John Gutch in Georgetown on Janet Jagan and Ishmael, 19 June 1954, N. D. Watson of Colonial Office’s Development and Welfare Office to Lloyd, 16 December 1954, Woodcock of TUC to Mayle on Dalgleish mission, 23 December 1954, CO 859/773, PRO.

13 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 56-58; Colonial Office, Report of the British Guiana Constitutional Commission, 1954.

14 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 56-58; Jagan, West on Trial, 160-62.

15 Consul Douglas Jenkins Jr. to State Department, 6 March 1956, 741D.00/3-656, DSR, NA.

16 Burnham, Destiny to Mould, 3-8. See also Swan, British Guiana, 133-34; Despres, Cultural Pluralism, 210-16; Hintzen, Costs of Regime Survival, 48; Singh, Guyana, 1, 26-29; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 61-64; Naipaul, Middle Passage, 133.

17 Wallace, “British Guiana,” 543. See also Newman, British Guiana, 85-86.

18 Second Progress Report on NSC 144/1, 20 November 1953, FRUS, 1952 - 1954, 4:29, 30, 37-38.

19 Progress Report on NSC 5432/1, 19 January 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 6:97; NSC 5613/1, 25 September 1956, ibid., 123; Outline of Plan of Operations for Latin America Prepared by Operations Coordinating Board, 18 April 1957, ibid., 157; Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 143-44.

20 Maddox to State Department, 15 April 1954, 741D.00/4-1554, Maddox to State Department, 8 June 1955, 741D.00/6-855, Jenkins to State Department, 20 April 1956, 741.00D/4-2056, DSR, NA.

21 Memorandum by William B. Connett Jr., Office of Middle American Affairs, to Robert Woodward, Office of American Republic Affairs, 27 January 1954, 741D.00/ 1-2754, Maddox to State Department, 5 April 1954, 741D.00/4-554, Maddox to State Department, 26 May 1955, 741D.00/5-2655, Cope to State Department, 22 October 1956, 741D.00/10-2256, Second Secretary Peter Rutter, embassy in London, to State Department, 18 November 1954, 741D.00/11-1854, DSR, NA .

22 W. H. Braine, United Kingdom embassy in Washington, to A. Greenhough, Ministry of Labor, 18 February 1955, CO 859/773, PRO; Jenkins to State Department, 6 June 1956, 741D.00/6-656, DSR, NA; Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 142.

23 Mayle to Savage, 16 May 1955, CO 859/773, Renison to Colonial Office, 6 October 1956, CO 859/774, PRO.

24 J. M. Campbell of Booker Brothers to editor, International Free Trade Unions News, 28 January 1954, Lovestone to Campbell, 2 March 1954, Campbell to Lovestone, 25 March 1954, Lovestone to Campbell, 31 March 1954, folder 24 “British Guiana, 1954,” box 10, RG 18-003, IAD: Jay Lovestone Files, GMLA.

25 Alexander to Romualdi, 6 July 1954, Alexander 1954 file, box 3, RG 18-009, IAD, Staff Files: Serafino Romualdi’s Files, GMLA; Alexander interviews with Dalgleish, Burnham, and Mrs. Richard Ishmael, 4-6 February 1956, folder 15, box 3, RG 18- 003, IAD: Jay Lovestone Files, GMLA; Alexander report, 14 February 1956, folder 3, box 9, Romualdi Papers, Kheel Center, Cornell University.

26 Report by Romualdi, “Free Labor’s Ten-Year Struggle to Preserve Independence,” March 1962, folder 11, British West Indies, 1961-1965, box 69, RG 1-38, Office of the President: George Meany Files, GMLA; Jenkins to State Department, 6 June 1956, 741D.00/6-656, Cope to State Department, 29 July 1957, 841D.062/7-2957, memorandum of conversation among Warrick Elrod, Bureau of North American Affairs, Rupert Tello of TUC of British Guiana, and Harry Pollak of AFL-CIO, 14 April 1959, 841D.062/4-1459, DSR, NA; Pollak quoted in American Federationist, July 1957, in CO 859/1150, PRO.

27 Goldsworthy, Colonial Issues, 35; Goldsworthy, “Keeping Change Within Bounds,” 81-108; Lewis, “Dissolution of the British Empire,” 343-53; Warner, “Anglo-American Special Relationship,” 486-87; Fisher, Harold Macmillan, 229-47; Shepherd, Iain Macleod, 151-258.

28 Lennox-Boyd to Cabinet, 17 April 1956, PREM 11/1727, PRO; Renison to Colonial Office, 18 December 1957, Colonial Office to Renison, 19 February 1957, CO 1031/ 1426, PRO.

29 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 71-72; monthly intelligence reports can be found in CO 1031/3712, PRO.

30 E. W. A. Scarlett of Colonial Office to Renison, 19 February 1957, CO 1031/2482, Philip Rogers, Colonial Office, to Renison, 19 February 1957, CO 1031/1426, PRO; Jagan, West on Trial, 183-84.

31 Cope to State Department, 22 October 1956, 741D.00/10-2256, Cope to State Department, 25 February 1957, 741D.00/2-2557, Cope to State Department, 5 April 1957, 741D.00/4-557, DSR, NA.

32 Minute by Scarlett, Colonial Office, on Renison visit to Washington, CO 1031/2204, PRO; Marselis C. Parsons Jr., Bureau of North American Affairs, to C. Burke Elbrick, European Affairs, 16 July 1957, 741D.00/7-1657, memorandum of conversation between Elbrick and Renison, 26 July 1957, 741D.00/7-2657, DSR, NA.

33 Renison to Colonial Office, 16 August 1957, PREM 11/1727, PRO; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 72-73.

34 Foreign Office circular on 1957 election, 26 August 1957, CAB 21/2880, PRO.

35 Macmillan to Colonial Secretary, 14 August 1957, PM Personal Minute 413/57, PREM 11/1727, PRO.

36 John Wesley Jones, European Division, to Murphy on meeting with Caccia, 16 August 1957, 741D.00/8-1657, Herter to Georgetown on conversation between Murphy and Caccia, 16 August 1957, 741D.00/8-1657, Fisher Howe, executive secretary of state, to Major John Eisenhower on 1957 election, 16 August 1957, 741D.00/8- 1657, DSR, NA.

37 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 174.

38 Herter to Georgetown on conversation between Murphy and Caccia, 16 August 1957, 741D.00/8-1657, DSR, NA.

39 William N. Dale, Bureau of North American Affairs, to Jones, European Division, 10 December 1957, 741D.00/12-1057, Cope to State Department, 9 July 1958, 741D.00/7-958, memorandum of conversation between Dale and Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, 24 April 1959, 741D.00/4-2459, DSR, NA.

40 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 175; Hope, Post-War Planning Experience, 2-7; Cope to State Department on British Guiana’s vital statistics, 2 June 1958, 841D.401/6-258, DSR, NA.

41 Cope to State Department on Jagan trip to London, 10 September 1958, 741D.00/ 9-1058, DSR, NA; Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 176; Jagan, West on Trial, 191-95; memorandum of conversation between Jagan and Development Loan Fund officials, 17 August 1959, 741D.5MSP/8-1759, memorandum of conversation between Jagan and officers, led by Milton Rewinkel, in Bureau of North American Affairs, 18 August 1959, 741D.5MSP/8-1859, DSR, NA.

42 Cope to State Department, 9 July 1958, 741D.00/7-958, DSR, NA; monthly intelligence reports by Special Branch, 15 March 1960 and 12 April 1960, CO 1031/3712, PRO.

43 Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Study Mission in the Caribbean Area, 16-21.

44 Woods to State Department, 10 February 1959, 841D.00TA/2-1059, DSR, NA.

45 Deputy Under Secretary of State Loy Henderson to Georgetown on loan applications, 15 December 1959, 841D.10/12-1559, DSR, NA.

46 Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 181-83; Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs Foy D. Kohler to Murphy, 26 May 1959, 741D.00/5-2659, DSR, NA; “Special National Intelligence Estimate on Threats to the Stability of the U.S. Military Facilities in the Caribbean Area and in Brazil,” 10 March 1959, FRUS, 1958- 1960, 5:366. On briefing books on Macmillan-Eisenhower meetings see boxes 74, 76, 78, and 80 in Confidential File: Subject Series, DDEL.

47 Woods to State Department, 26 August 1959, 841D.10/8-2659, Consul General Robert McGregor, Jamaica, to State Department on conversation with Jagan, 27 November 1959, 841D.00/11-2759, DSR, NA.

48 Colonial Undersecretary of State John Profumo to Colonial Secretary Lennox-Boyd on conversation with Jagan, 19 April 1958, CO 1031/2412, PRO.

49 Jagan, West on Trial, 150-51.

50 Jenkins to State Department on Renison radio address, 3 August 1956, 741D.00/8- 356, DSR, NA; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 75-76.

51 Macleod to Macmillan, 7 March 1960, PREM 11/3666, PRO.

52 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 75-78; Smith, British Guiana, 8; Jagan, West on Trial, 202-4.

53 Ambassador John Hay Whitney, London, to State Department, 28 March 1960, 741D.00/3-2860, DSR, NA.

54 Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 163-64.

55 Memorandum of conversation between Dulles and Ambassador Heinz Krekeler, 11 February 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957, 4:523-24; 417th meeting of NSC, 18 August 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, 7, Part 2:243-53; memorandum of conversation between Eisenhower and Ambassador to Portugal C. Burke Elbrick, 9 November 1960, ibid., 645-46.

56 Herter to Presidential Aide General Andrew Goodpaster, 8 December 1960, Herter-December 1960 (2) folder, box 13, Dulles-Herter series, Ann Whitman file, DDEL; Macmillan to Eisenhower, 9 December 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, 7, Part 2:875-76.

57 NSC 6002/1, “Statement of U.S. Policy toward the West Indies,” 21 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, 5:433-43.

58 Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 117-33, 162-73.

59 Foreign Office note on Jagan trip, 31 March 1960, AK1633/7, FO 371/148310, PRO; Woods to State Department on Jagan trip, 10 May 1960, 741D.00/5-1060, DSR, NA .

60 United Kingdom embassy in Havana to Foreign Office, 14 April 1960, AK1633/3, FO 371/148310, PRO; Szulc, Fidel, 541.

61 Ambassador Whitney, London, to State Department, 29 August 1960, 841D.10/8- 2960, Herter to London, Moscow, Havana, and Georgetown, 7 September 1960, 841D.10/9-760, Woods to State Department, 10 May 1960, 741D.00/5-1060, DSR, NA.

62 Herter to London embassy, 7 September 1960, 841D.10/9-760, DSR, NA. See also Fraser, Ambivalent Anti-Colonialism, 183.

63 Ambassador H. Stanley Fordham, Havana, to Foreign Office, “Annual Review of 1959,” 20 January 1960, AK1011/1, FO 371/148178, Foreign Officer Henry Hankey memorandum on relations with the United States and Cuba, 7 March 1960, AK1015/18, FO 371/148180, Hankey to Macmillan on Cuba, 10 June 1960, AK1015/ 38, FO 371/148181, embassy in Moscow to Foreign Office on Cuba, 28 November 1960, AK10338/14, FO 371/148211, embassy in Havana to Foreign Office, 23 November 1960, AK10338/15, FO 371/148211, PRO.

64 Macmillan quoted in Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 71.

65 Governor Grey to Angus M. MacKintosh of Colonial Office, 13 February 1961, Colonial Secretary Macleod to Grey, 20 July 1961, Grey to Nicholas B. J. Huijsman of Colonial Office, 1 December 1961, CO 1031/3907, PRO; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 74-75.

66 Embassy in Caracas to Foreign Office, 15 September 1960, V1635/3, FO 371/ 148695, PRO.

67 Ambassador Whitney to State Department on discussions with Colonial Office, 9 October 1960, 841D.10/9-760, DSR, NA.

68 Melby to State Department, 8 September 1960, 841D.10/9-860, Melby to State Department, 13 September 1960, 841D.10/9-1360, DSR, NA.

69 Grey to Colonial Office, “British Guiana in 1961,” 13 June 1961, A10110/5, FO 371/155720, PRO.

70 Melby to State Department, 31 August 1960, 741D.00/8-3160, Under Secretary of State C. Douglas Dillon to embassy in London, 16 September 1960, 741D.00/9- 1660, memorandum of conversation between Rockwood Foster of Bureau of North American Affairs and Richard Decorum of British Guiana Evening Post, 19 September 1960, 741D.00/9-1960, Melby to State Department, 7 October 1960, 741D.00/10-760, DSR, NA.

71 Memorandum of conversation about Peter D’Aguiar between officials in Bureau of North American Affairs and Albert R. Erda of Mt. Vernon, N.Y., 28 December 1960, 741D.00/12-2860, DSR, NA.

72 Hunt, Undercover, 98-99; Gleijeses, Shattered Hope, 288.

73 Memorandum of conversation between F. N. Spotts, Bureau of North American Affairs, and H. M. E. Cholmondeley, Department of Education of British Guiana, 11 January 1961, 741D.00/1-1161, Melby to State, 20 September 1960, 741D.00/9- 3060, DSR, NA.

74 Memorandum of conversation between President Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan, 30 June 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:607-9. See also Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 17-22.

1 Shepherd, Iain Macleod, 239.

2 U.S. Consulate, Georgetown, to State Department, 18 December 1961, 841D.00/ 12-1861, Consul Melby to State Department, 8 March 1962, 841D.06/3-862, DSR, NA; David, Economic Development of Guyana, 4-5, 240-41; International Bank, Economic Development of British Guiana, 10.

3 U.S. Consulate, Georgetown, to State Department, 18 December 1961, 841D.00/ 12-1861, DSR, NA; Colonial Attaché J. D. Hennings, Washington, to Governor Grey, 29 November 1960, AU16330/2, FO 371/148627, PRO; Jagan quoted in Grey to Colonial Office, 4 November 1960, CO 1031/4304, PRO.

4 Foreign Office minute by Hutchinson, 30 November 1961, A10110/121, FO 371/ 155726, PRO.

5 Reports on educational policy, CO 1031/1303, PRO; Melby to State Department, 31 May 1961, 741D.00/5-3161, DSR, NA; Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 163.

6 Memorandum of conversation between Grey and State Department officers Rockwood Foster and Melby, 16 February 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:513; Grey to Colonial Office, “British Guiana in 1961,” 13 June 1961, A10110/5, FO 371/155720, PRO.

7 Commonwealth Secretary Sandys to Macmillan, 11 January 1962, PREM 11/3666, PRO.

8 Grey to Colonial Office, “British Guiana in 1961,” 13 June 1961, A10110/5, FO 371/155720, PRO; Grey to Nicholas Huijsman of Colonial Office, 30 January 1962, CO 1031/3647, PRO.

9 Intelligence Committee report, 9 May 1961, CO 1031/3713, PRO.

10 Grey to Angus M. MacKintosh of Colonial Office, 13 February 1961, CO 1031/3907, PRO.

11 Grey to Melby, 27 February 1962, CO 1031/3906, Grey to Colonial Office, 29 November 1963, CO 1031/4991, PRO.

12 Ambassador Bruce, London, to State Department on conversation with Fraser, 17 August 1961, 5/19/61-8/23/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

13 Memorandum of conversation between Grey and Schlesinger, 28 April 1961, British Guiana 4/28/61-10/30/61 folder, box WH-3A, Schlesinger White House Files, Schlesinger Papers, JFKL; Jones, London, to State Department on conversations with Colonial Office, 9 August 1961, 5/19/61-8/23/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Jones, London, to State Department on conversation with Colonial Office officials about Burnham, 26 August 1961, 741D.00/8- 2661, DSR, NA.

14 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 78-82; Naipaul, Middle Passage, 124-42; Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 115; Grey to Colonial Office, “British Guiana in 1961,” 13 June 1961, A10110/5, FO 371/155720, PRO.

15 Foreign Office minutes by Henry Hankey, 5 December 1961, A10110/124, and December 1961, A10110/135, FO 371/155726, PRO.

16 Melby to State Department, 25 August 1961, 8/24/61-9/6/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; speech of 5 November 1961 in Burnham, A Destiny to Mould, 14-23.

17 Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 13-22, 63-71.

18 Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 773.

19 Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy, 295.

20 Johnson quoted in memorandum of conversation between U.S. and Colonial Office officials, 17 March 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:558-64; Rusk to embassy of United Kingdom, 11 August 1961, ibid., 519-20; memorandum of conversation between Kennedy and Villeda Morales, 30 November 1962, ibid., 331-33.

21 Special National Intelligence Estimate, “Prospects for British Guiana,” 21 March 1961, ibid., 514-17.

22 Memorandum of conversation between Rusk, Home, Bruce, and Caccia, 6 April 1961, 741D.00/4-661, DSR, NA; memorandum of conversation between Rusk and Home, 6 April 1961, PREM 11/3666, PRO; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 68-72.

23 Record of actions of NSC meeting, 5 May 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:517-18; Helms, Look Over My Shoulder, 196-209; Thomas, Very Best Men, 316.

24 Memorandum of conversation between Berle and D’Aguiar, 26 May 1961, 741D.00/ 5-2661, DSR, NA.

25 William Burdett to consulate in Georgetown, 7 August 1961, 741D.00/8-761, memorandum of conversation between Johnson and Dr. Sweet, 28 August 1961, 741D.00/8-2861, DSR, NA.

26 Jagan, West on Trial, 206-7; Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 69, 114; Helms, Look Over My Shoulder, 397.

27 Kennedy to Bundy, 7 August 1961, President’s Doodles File, JFKL; Department of State to Rusk in Paris, 5 August 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:519; Rusk to Home, 11 August 1961, ibid., 519-20.

28 Home to Rusk, 18 August 1961, ibid., 521-22.

29 Rusk to Home, 26 August 1961, ibid., 522-23.

30 W. L. Gorrell Barnes of Colonial Office to Sir Roger Stevens of Foreign Office, 30 August 1961, A10110/22, FO 371/155721, Grey to Ambler Thomas of Colonial Office, 26 September 1961, A10110/63, FO 371/155723, PRO.

31 Melby to State Department on interview with Jagan, 23 August 1961, 5/19/61- 8/23/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Schlesinger to Kennedy, 28 August 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:523-24; Stevenson to Rusk, 26 February 1962, ibid., 545-46.

32 Rusk to U.S. embassy in Ottawa, 12 August 1961, U.S. embassy in Ottawa to Rusk, 24 August 1961, 5/19/61-8/23/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; U.K. embassy in Ottawa to Commonwealth Relations Office, 20 October 1961, A10110/80, FO 371/155722, PRO.

33 Dodd to President Kennedy, 5 September 1961, folder 739, box 24, Dodd Papers, University of Connecticut Libraries; notes on meeting with Mr. Donhi of Senator Dodd’s office by Dennis A. Fitzgerald of International Cooperation Agency, 23 August 1961, 7-8/61 folder, box 31, Fitzgerald Papers, DDEL; memorandum of conversation between Melby and Senator Dodd, 6 September 1961, 741D.00/9- 661, DSR, NA; David Martin, assistant to Senator Dodd, to Schlesinger, 30 October 1962, British Guiana folder, box W-3, Schlesinger Papers, JFKL; memorandum by Burdett of briefing for congressional leaders, 16 April 1962, British Guiana folder, box 391, NSF: Ralph Dungan Files, JFKL.

34 Louis Martin of Democratic National Committee to Dungan, 31 October 1961, British Guiana 4/28/61-10/30/61 folder, box WH-3A, White House Files, Schlesinger Papers, JFKL; Help Guiana Committee to Richard Goodwin, 13 May 1961, British Guiana folder, box 3, Goodwin Papers, JFKL.

35 Memorandum by Ben Segal of AFL-CIO, “Trade Union Situation in British Guiana,” 23 October 1961, British Guiana 4/28/61-10/30/61 folder, box WH 3-A, White House Files, Schlesinger Papers, JFKL; Report on McCabe fact-finding tour of British Guiana, 24 October 1961 to 12 November 1961, folder 21-Caribbean 1961, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA .

36 Schlesinger to Rusk, 19 October 1961, 10/13/61-10/20/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Department of State to Certain Posts, “US Program for British Guiana,” 4 October 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:533-34; Schlesinger to President Kennedy, 12 January 1962, ibid., 540-41.

37 Department of State to embassy in United Kingdom, 5 September 1961, ibid., 530.

38 W. F. Dawson of Colonial Office to David Crichton of Foreign Office, 5 September 1961, A10110/25, FO 371/155721, PRO; Foreign Office minute by Hankey on September 1961 Anglo-American meeting on British Guiana, 2 November 1961, A10110/96, FO 371/155724, PRO; Bruce to State Department, 13 September 1961, 9/7/61-9/28/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 68.

39 Memorandum of conversation between Rusk and Jagan, 23 October 1961, Jagan Briefing Book folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

40 Memorandum of conversation between Kennedy and Jagan, 25 October 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:536-38; Melby to State Department, 14 October 1961, 10/13/61- 10/20/61 folder, box 14A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

41 Grey to Colonial Secretary Maudling, 6 November 1961, A10110/103, FO 371/ 155725, PRO.

42 Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 774-78; telephone conversation between Schlesinger and Under Secretary of State George Ball, 18 October 1961, telephone conversation between Ball and Deputy Under Secretary of State U. Alexis Johnson, 18 October 1961, British Guiana folder, box 2, Ball Papers, JFKL.

43 Transcript of Meet the Press interview, 15 October 1961, Jagan Briefing Book folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Colonial Office Attaché Hennings (Washington) to Grey, 19 October 1961, A10110/95, FO 371/155724, embassy in Ottawa to Foreign Office, 20 October 1961, A10110/80, FO 371/155723, PRO.

44 Goodwin to Kennedy, 25 October 1961, British Guiana folder, box 3, Goodwin Papers, JFKL.

45 New York Times, 17 February 1962, 1-2, 20 February 1962, 7; Wallace, “British Guiana,” 517; Grey to Colonial Office, 18 February 1962, A10110/41, FO 371/ 161948, PRO; Melby to State Department, 23 February 1962, 741.00D/2-2362, DSR, NA.

46 E. M. West of Colonial Office to Foreign Office, 5 March 1962, A11010/58/G, FO 371/161948, PRO; memorandum of conversation between Schlesinger, Macleod, and Maulding, 27 February 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:549; Melby to State Department on statement of Jock Campbell of Booker Brothers, 14 June 1962, 841D.00/ 6-1462, DSR, NA.

47 Melby to State Department, 22 February 1962, 841D.062/2-2262, consulate in Georgetown to State Department, 27 February 1962, 741D.00/2-2762, DSR, NA; Colonial Office, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Disturbances.

48 Melby to State Department, 1 March 1962, 741D.00/3-162, DSR, NA. See also Newman, British Guiana, 91-95.

49 Colonial Office, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Disturbances; Foreign Office circular on report of Commission of Inquiry, 3 October 1962, A11010/230, FO 371/161957, PRO; Melby to State Department on report of Commission of Inquiry, 5 October 1962, 741D.00/10-562, DSR, NA; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 93-99.

50 Melby to State Department, 1 March 1962, 3/62-5/62 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

51 Note on Home and Rusk meeting in Bermuda, 21 December 1961, PREM 11/3666, PRO; memorandum of conversation between Burdett and Dennis Greenhill of British embassy, 8 January 1962, 741D.00/1-862, Melby to State Department, 13 January 1962, 741D.00/1-1362, DSR, NA.

52 Rusk (Burdett) to consulate in Georgetown, 7 November 1961, 741D.13/11-761, Ambassador Bruce, London, to State Department, 15 December 1961, 741D.00/12- 1561, Jones, London, to State Department, 3 February 1962, 741D.00/2-362, Melby to State Department, 7 November 1961, 741D.13/11-761, DSR, NA.

53 Kennedy to Hamilton, 12 January 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:542; Hamilton OH, 26-27, JFKL.

54 Melby to State Department, 22 February 1962, 841D.10/2-2262, DSR, NA; State Department to Melby, 22 February 1962, 11/61-2/62 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

55 Schlesinger to Ambassador Bruce on conversation with Maulding, 1 March 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:550-51.

56 Grey to Colonial Office, 20 February 1962, CO 1031/4283, PRO; Melby to State Department, 19 February 1962, 841D.061/2-1962, DSR, NA.

57 New York Times, 30 October 1994, 10.

58 Agee, Inside the Company, 293-94, 406; Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior, 353-58.

59 Agee, Inside the Company, 176; Blum, CIA, 118; Goulden, Jerry Wurf, 102-3; Lens, “Labor and the CIA,” 25-29; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 143, 145; New York Times, 22 February 1967, 1, 17; Sunday Times (London), 16 April 1967, 1, 3, 23 April 1967, 3.

60 Schlesinger testimony in Nation in “Tale of Two Books,” 763-64; New York Times, 30 October 1994, 10.

61 Fraser OH, 9, JFKL.

62 State Department to embassy in London on Kennedy conversation with Ormsby-Gore, 20 February 1962, 11/61-2/62 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Ormsby-Gore to Foreign Office, 29 February 1962, A10110/27, FO 371/161947, PRO.

63 Hennings, Washington, to Ambler Thomas of Colonial Office on conversation with William Burdett of State Department, 22 February 1962, A10110/126, FO 371/ 161952, PRO.

64 Rusk to Home, 19 February 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:544-45; Tyler to Rusk, 18 February 1962, ibid., 542-44. Some of the excised portions of Tyler’s memorandum can be found in 11/61-2/62 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

65 NSAM No. 135, 8 March 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:551-52.

66 Macmillan quoted in Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 69.

67 Home to Rusk, 26 February 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:546-48.

68 Memorandum of conversation among Schlesinger, Macleod, and Maulding, 27 February 1962, ibid., 549.

69 Grey to Huijsman of Colonial Office, 31 March 1962, CO 1031/3647, PRO; Hennings to Thomas of Colonial Office, 22 February 1962, A10110/126, FO 371/161952, Hennings to Thomas, 28 February 1962, A10110/51, FO 371/161948, PRO.

70 Rusk to Kennedy, 7 March 1962, 3/62-5/62 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

71 Fraser to Home on conversation with Kennedy, 22 March 1962, PREM 11/3666, PRO; Fraser OH, 9-11, JFKL.

72 Fraser to Home on conversation with Kennedy, 22 March 1962, PREM 11/3666, PRO. Both Macmillan and his aide, Philip de Zulueta, read Fraser’s report. Zulueta to Fraser, 26 March 1962, PREM 11/3666, PRO.

73 Macmillan to Brook, 3 May 1962, PM Minute 112/62, PREM 11/3666, Macmillan to Kennedy, 25 May 1962, PREM 11/3 PRO; Macmillan to Kennedy, 30 May 1962, A11010/208/G, FO 371/1611956, PRO.

74 Macmillan, Pointing the Way, 335-36, 352-53; Dallek, Unfinished Life, 415; Fisher, Harold Macmillan, 257-64, 289-90; Horne, Macmillan, 2:290; Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 20-21.

75 Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 4-16, 223-26; Kandiah and Staerck, “ ‘Reliable Allies,’ ” 135-70.

76 Foreign Office minute by Hankey, 20 February 1962, A10110/51, FO 371/161948, PRO; Zulueta to Macmillan, 15 May 1962, PREM 11/3666, PRO.

77 E. M. West of Colonial Office to Foreign Office, 5 March 1962, A10110/58/G, FO 371/161948, PRO; Melby to State Department on memorandum of conversation between Grey and Burdett, 27 March 1962, 741D.00/3-2762, DSR, NA; memorandum by Burdett on congressional briefing on British Guiana, 16 April 1962, British Guiana folder, box 391, NSF: Ralph Dungan Files, JFKL.

78 Edmunds minute on Colonial Office discussions with U.S. officials, 11 May 1962, FO 371/161953, PRO; Rich, Race and Empire, 188.

79 Rusk to Kennedy, 12 July 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:575-76; memorandum for Special Group (memorandum not declassified), 13 June 1962, ibid., 571; Schlesinger to Kennedy, 21 June 1962, ibid., 572-73; Bundy to Kennedy, 13 July 1962, ibid., 577; Schlesinger to Kennedy, 19 July 1962, ibid., 578; Bundy to Helms, 6 August 1962, ibid., 581.

80 Lord Harlech (William David Ormsby-Gore) OH, 46-47, JFKL.

81 Naftali, Zelikow, and May, John F. Kennedy, 1:440-43.

82 Melby to State Department on memorandum of conversation between Burdett and Burnham, 28 March 1962, 3/62-5/62 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

83 Memorandum of conversation between Schlesinger, State Department officers, and Burnham, 3 May 1962, 741D.00/5-362, Burdett to embassy in London on Burnham visit, 7 May 1962, 741D.00/5-762, memorandum of conversation between Deputy Under Secretary of State Johnson and Burnham, 14 September 1962, 741D.00/9-1462, DSR, NA; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 164.

84 Grey to R. W. Piper of Foreign Office, 11 September 1962, A11010/223, and 12 September 1962, A11010/224, FO 371/161957, PRO.

85 The analysis of Burnham is excised in the published version of the National Intelligence Estimate, “The Situation and Prospects in British Guiana,” 11 April 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:564-69. The uncensored version can be found in 87.2 British Guiana folder, box 9, NSF: Intelligence Estimates, LBJL.

86 Grey to R. W. Piper of Foreign Office, 11 September 1962, A11010/223, FO 371/ 161957, PRO; McLellan to Richard Ishmael, 24 October, 26 October, and 29 November 1962, in British Guiana, 1962 folder (15), box 16, RG 18-001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA; William Doherty Jr. of AFL-CIO to Vice President Johnson, 21 June 1962, in State Department to Johnson, 26 June 1962, 741D.00/6-2662, DSR, NA.

87 Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 69-70.

88 Wallace J. Legge, Inter-American Representative of Postal, Telephone, and Telegraph International, to William Doherty Jr., 30 April 1962, American Institute of Free Labor Development folder, box 16, RG 18-007, IAD: International Labor Organization Activities, GMLA; Romualdi to J. Peter Grace of W. R. Grace and Co., 19 July 1963, folder 8, box 2, Romualdi Papers, Kheel Center, Cornell University.

89 Melby to State Department containing memorandum of conversation between Burdett and Antony Tasker, chairman of Booker Brothers, 26 March 1962, 741D.00/ 3-2662, memorandum of conversation between State Department officer Willis Armstrong, James Campbell of Demerara Bauxite, and Thomas Covel of Aluminum Limited, 31 October 1962, 841D.0511/10-3162, DSR, NA.

90 Memorandum of conversation between Home and Meir, 28 September 1962, A1109/36, FO 371/162016, PRO; Melby to State Department on conversation with Ambassador Oron, 6 September 1962, 841D.0084A/9-662, Burdett to U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv, 29 August 1962, 841D.0084A/8-2962, DSR, NA.

91 Horne, Harold Macmillan, 2:48, 243, 395.

92 Fisher, Harold Macmillan, 293.

93 Sandys to prime minister, 10 September 1962, Zulueta to J. T. A. Howard-Drake of Colonial Office with instructions for Ormsby-Gore, 12 September 1962, A10110/ 222/G, FO 371/161957, PRO; Fraser, “ ‘New Frontier’ of Empire,” 602-4.

94 Colonial Office, Report of the British Guiana Independence Conference; Commonwealth circular on Independence Conference, 25 October 1962, A10110/241, FO 371/161959, PRO; Jagan, West on Trial, 267-87.

95 Colonial Office briefing on British Guiana for prime minister’s meeting with Kennedy, 7 December 1962, A10110/261, FO 371/161959, PRO.

1 Memorandum of conversation between Burdett of State Department and Hennings of United Kingdom embassy, 14 February 1963, POL BR GU, DSR, NA.

2 Sir Hilton Poynton to Duncan Sandys, n.d. [April 1963], Colonial Office to Governor Grey, 18 April 1963, CO 1031/4744, PRO.

3 United Kingdom mission at United Nations circular, 22 March 1963, UN1515/45, FO 371/172595, PRO; Rusk to consulate in Georgetown on Burnham appearance at United Nations, 12 March 1963, POL 3 BR GU, DSR, NA.

4 Shepherd, Iain Macleod, 239; Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 24.

5 Grey to Sandys, 4 March 1963, Grey to Ambler Thomas of Colonial Office, 24 April 1964, CO 1031/4402, PRO.

6 Colonial Office minutes attached to Grey to Thomas, 24 April 1964, CO 1031/4402, PRO.

7 Grey to Colonial Office, 7 February 1963, Grey to Jagan, 17 February 1963, Grey to Colonial Office on Mitshurinsk, 21 July 1963, CO 1031/4¼991, PRO.

8 Desmond A. Murphy, Georgetown, to Colonial Office, 21 January 1963, CO 1031/ 4998, PRO.

9 Grey to Poynton, 17 April 1963, A11024/14, FO 371/167738, PRO; Grey to Melby, 17 April 1963, 5/16/63-6/63 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

10 Jagan to Kennedy, 16 April 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:595-603.

11 Minutes by Patricia Hutchinson and A. D. Parsons of Foreign Office, 26 April 1962, A11024/14, FO 371/167738, PRO.

12 William H. Brubeck of State Department to Bundy on Jagan letter, 18 May 1963, box 112A, POF: Security File: British Guiana Security File, 1961-1963, JFKL; Kennedy to Jagan, 3 June 1963, 5/16/63-6/63 folder, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

13 Ormsby-Gore to Foreign Office on Kennedy inquiry, 15 March and 8 April 1963, Foreign Office to embassy in Washington, 27 March 1963, A11010/14, FO 371/ 167689, PRO.

14 Memorandum by Sandys for Overseas Policy Committee, 25 May 1963, CO 1031/ 4402, minute by Poynton, 25 March 1963, CO 1031/4744, PRO.

15 Melby to State Department, 14 March 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:584-94.

16 J. E. Killick in United Kingdom embassy, Washington, to Richard Slater of Foreign Office on conversation with State Department on Harold Wilson, 20 March 1963, A10110/17, FO 371/167689, PRO; Benjamin Read, executive secretary of State Department, to Bundy on Labor Party, 28 July 1963, 7/63-8/63 file, box 15, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL.

17 Memorandum of conversation (participants and contents excised), 20 March 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:594.

18 Minute by Poynton, 25 March 1963, CO 1031/4744, PRO.

19 Macmillan quoted in Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 201-2; Sunday Times (London), 23 April 1967, 4.

20 Memorandum of conversation between Robin Piper of Colonial Office and officials of TUC, 10 April 1963, Grey to Colonial Office on conversations with trade union officials, 4 June 1963, CO 1031/5006, PRO; Sunday Times (London), 16 April 1967, 1, 3; Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 210.

21 Jagan, West on Trial, 230-40; Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 204-11. Daniels participated in the strike.

22 Speech of 14 April 1963 in Burnham, Destiny to Mould, 36-42. See also Landis, “Racial Polarization,” 264-65; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 100- 102; David, Economic Development of Guyana, 4-5; Collins, “Civil Service of British Guiana,” 3-15.

23 Hintzen, Costs of Regime Survival, 54.

24 B. Brentnol Blackman, assistant secretary (Education) of Caribbean Congress of Labour, to Meany, 29 April 1963, British Guiana folder 1, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCO, 1945-1971: British Guiana, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA .

25 McCabe to Andrew McLellan on rations, 1 May and 3 May 1963, British Guiana folder 1, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCO, 1945-1971: British Guiana, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA; Lens, “Lovestone Diplomacy,” 12; Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 204-5.

26 Agee, Inside the Company, 293-94; Blum, CIA, 118-22; Lens, “Labor and the CIA,” 25-29; Radosh, American Labor, 393-405; New York Times, 22 February 1967, 17; Sunday Times (London), 16 April 1967, 1, 3.

27 Bulletin of May 1963 of Public Service International, British Guiana folder 1, box 17, 18-001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

28 Ibid.

29 Gene Meakins to McLellan, 11 March 1964, British Guiana folder 1, box 17, RG 18- 001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

30 McCabe to Lee with attached report, 11 April 1963, Public Services International folder 7, box 23, RG 18-007, IAD: International Labor Organization Activities, GMLA; memorandum of conversation between McCabe and Joseph Mintzes of State Department, 9 April 1963, POL BR GU, DSR, NA.

31 Meakins to McLellan, 28 August 1964, British Guiana folder 3, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

32 McLellan to Bertie Nichols of Transport Worker’s Union of British Guiana, 29 July 1963, British Guiana folder 1, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

33 Colonial Office to E. Wakefield containing Kennedy to Macmillan, 4 June 1963, CO 1031/4402, PRO.

34 Grey to Colonial Office on Venezuelan oil, 19 May 1963, AV1162/3, FO 371/168522, Grey to Colonial Office on Cuban oil, 20 June 1963, AV1162/6, FO 371/168522, PRO; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 203-4; Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 71.

35 Rabe, “After the Missiles of October,” 713-24; memorandum for record by Desmond Fitzgerald of CIA on meeting at the White House on covert policy toward Cuba, 19 June 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 13:837-38.

36 Rusk to U.S. embassies, 11 July 1963, POL 1 BR GU, DSR, NA.

37 A. D. Parsons of Foreign Office to embassy in Rio de Janeiro, 14 March 1963, R. A. Burroughs in embassy in Rio de Janeiro to Foreign Office, 5 April 1963, FO 371/ 167703, PRO.

38 Romano, “No Diplomatic Immunity,” 546-79; Borstelmann, “ ‘Hedging Our Bets,’ ” 435-63; Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 152-202.

39 Borstelmann, “ ‘Hedging Our Bets,’ ” 455-61; Noer, “New Frontiers and Old Priorities,” 253-83.

40 State Department to embassy in United Kingdom, 21 June 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:605-6.

41 Memorandum for record, with attachment, of meeting with president by Richard Helms of CIA, 21 June 1963, ibid., 604-5; Department of State to embassy in United Kingdom, 21 June 1963, ibid., 605-6.

42 Colonial Office brief for Macmillan on talks with Kennedy, June 1963, “Joint Assessment by U.S. and British Officials,” 27 June 1963, CO 1031/4402, PRO; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 205-7.

43 Memorandum of conversation at Birch Grove, England, 30 June 1963, FRUS, 1961- 1963, 12:607-9.

44 Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 471-72.

45 Colonial Office minute by Nicholas Huijsman of meeting with Sandys, 2 July 1963, Macmillan letter to Kennedy, 18 July 1963, contained in Kennedy to Macmillan, 10 September 1963, CO 1031/4402, PRO.

46 Macmillan quoted in Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 15.

47 Kennedy to Macmillan, 10 September 1963, CO 1031/4402, PRO.

48 Macmillan to Kennedy, 28 September 1963, CO 1031/4¼402, PRO.

49 Summary of meetings, “British Guiana: Anglo-US Consultations on Future Cooperation,” 16 October 1963, CO 1031/4403, PRO.

50 Rusk to embassy in Santiago, 13 July 1963, POL BR GU, DSR, NA.

51 News conference, 20 August 1963, Public Papers of the President: John F. Kennedy, 1963, 633.

52 Ralph Dungan to Bundy transmitting USIS plan for British Guiana, 3 October 1963, 9/63-11/22/63 folder, box 15A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Donald Wilson, Deputy Director of USIA, to Dungan, 16 October 1963, folder 8/62-12/64, box 391, Dungan Files, JFKL.

53 Meakins to McLellan, 2 October 1963, McLellan to Meakins, 4 October 1963, British Guiana folder 2, box 17, 18-001, IADCF, 1945-1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

54 Colonial Office minute on Campbell call on Sandys, 24 July 1963, CO 1031/4411, PRO; Brereton, History of Modern Trinidad, 223-49. See also Ryan, Race and Nationalism .

55 Grey’s interview, 13 September 1963, Ormsby-Gore to Home on conversation with Bundy, 17 September 1963, CO 1031/4404, PRO.

56 Melby to State Department, 5 September 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:610-11; State Department to Melby, 7 September 1963, ibid., 613.

57 Minute by Sir Hilton Poynton of conversation with Jagan, 27 September 1963, CO 1031/4¼402, PRO; Jagan, West on Trial, 278.

58 Minute of meeting between Sandys and Rusk, 19 December 1963, CO 1031/4411, PRO.

59 Colonial Office, Report of the British Guiana Constitutional Conference, 1963.

60 Melby to State Department on conversation with Ishmael, 21 November 1963, POL 14 BR GU, DSR, NA.

61 Consulate in Georgetown to State Department on local reaction to London Conference, 1 November 1963, 9/63-11/22/63 folder, box 15A, NSFCO: British Guiana, JFKL; Singh, Guyana, 34; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 103-4.

62 Jagan, West on Trial, 278-80.

63 Record of conversation between Home and Rusk, 26 November 1963, A11010/216, FO 371/167690, PRO; minute of meeting between Sandys and Rusk, 19 December 1963, CO 1031/4411, PRO; State Department memorandum of conversation between Rusk and Sandys, 19 February 1963, 12/63-7/64 folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

64 Rusk to consulate in Georgetown, 8 November 1963, POL 14 BR GU, DSR, NA.

65 Colonial Office account of 15 November 1963 debate in Commons on British Guiana, CO 1031/4405, PRO.

66 Melby to State Department on conversation with Grey, 22 November 1963, POL 15 BR GU, DSR, NA; Melby to State Department, 17 February 1964, Richard Eriscson, first secretary in London embassy to State Department on conversation with Campbell, 21 November 1963, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA; Grey to Ambler Thomas of Colonial Office, 14 January 1964, CO 1031/4403, PRO.

67 Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 95-98.

68 Briefing prepared by William Tyler of European Division for Rusk for conversation with Prime Minister Douglas-Home, 12 December 1963, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

69 Memorandum by Bundy of conversation between president and prime minister, 13 February 1964, PM Home visit folder, box 213, NSFCO: United Kingdom, LBJL.

70 Luyt to Colonial Office, 21 April 1964, CO 1031/4406, Luyt to Colonial Office on Cuban ships, 24 March and 13 May 1964, CO 1031/4991, PRO; Luyt to Piper, 23 April 1964, AK1062/9, FO 371/174036, Slater minute on conversation with Luyt, 17 September 1964, A19110/211, FO 371/173352, PRO.

71 Carlson to State Department, 10 August 1964, POL 2 BR GU, DSR, NA; Carlson to State Department on D’Aguiar, 23 September 1964, POL 12-1 BR GU, DSR, NA; memorandum by Gordon Chase of conversation between Carlson and Bundy on Burnham, 14 September 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

72 Wallace, “British Guiana,” 514, 532-40; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 105-6; Daniels, “Great Injustice to Cheddi Jagan,” 234-39; Wasserman, Thunder in Guyana.

73 Carlson to State Department, 8 February 1965, POL 23 BR GU, DSR, NA; Luyt to Colonial Secretary Greenwood, 12 March 1965, CO 1031/4¼408, PRO; Wallace, “British Guiana,” 540.

74 Burnham quoted in Tinker, Banyan Tree, 72.

75 Carlson to State Department, 13 April 1964, POL 23 BR GU, DSR, NA.

76 Luyt to Colonial Office, 1 June 1964, CO 1031/5025, Poynton to Sandys on arresting political leaders, 29 May 1964, CO 1031/4411, PRO.

77 Jagan did not hold the United States responsible for the 1964 violence. West on Trial, 305-12.

78 Rusk to President Johnson, with background memorandum on Macmillan to Kennedy of 18 July 1963, 6 February 1964, PM Home visit folder, box 213, NSFCO: United Kingdom, LBJL.

79 Burdett to Bundy, 10 December and 12 December 1963, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

80 Bundy to Johnson, 11 February 1964, 11/63-2/64 folder (1), box 1, NSF: Memorandums to President, LBJL.

81 General Maxwell Taylor to Secretary of Defense, 15 February 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

82 CIA to NSC, 27 June and 23 July 1964, Cables, 12/63-7/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; State Department Division of Intelligence and Research to acting secretary of state, 12 May 1964, Memos, 12/63-7/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; Meakins to McLellan on minutes of PPP meetings, 4 February 1964, folder 3, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

83 Report on British Guiana on McCabe activities, 21 to 26 March 1964, folder 3, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

84 Meakins to McLellan, 28 August and 23 September 1964, McLellan to R. K. Singh of British Guiana, 3 March 1964, folder 3, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

85 State Department circular on British Guiana, 29 November 1963, Memos, 12/63- 7/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

86 Memorandum of telephone conversation between Bundy and Ball, 2 March 1964, box 1, Ball Papers, LBJL.

87 Rusk to Georgetown on visit of Canadian Minister Paul Martin, 5 December 1963, Cables, 12/63-7/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

88 Helms to Bundy, 26 November 1963, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL; “British Guiana Survey,” March 1964, Survey folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

89 Memorandum of conversation between Jai Narine Singh and William B. Cobb of State Department, 26 June 1964, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA; minute of Colonial Office meeting with Sandys on new political parties in British Guiana, 25 February 1964, CO 1031/4411, PRO.

90 CIA to Bundy, 26 August 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL; Gordon Chase to Bundy, 7 December 1964, Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

91 Minute by Richard Slater of Foreign Office on Anglo-American meeting on British Guiana, 20 July 1964, A19110/175G, FO 371/173553, PRO; U.N. Ambassador Stevenson to State Department on meeting with PNC mayor of Georgetown, 18 March 1964, Cables, 12/63-7/1964, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

92 Meakins to McLellan, 20 March and 23 September 1964, McLellan to Meakins, 8 October 1964, British Guiana folder 3, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

93 Under Secretary Ball to Georgetown, 10 November 1964, Carlson to State Department, 12 November 1964, Cables, 8/64-11/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; Carlson to State Department, 5 November 1964, POL BR GU, DSR, NA.

94 Chase to Bundy on CIA/State Department meeting on British Guiana, 9 September 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

95 Intelligence memorandum on British Guiana by CIA, 4 December 1964, Memorandums, 12/64-10/65 folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

96 Senate Select Committee, Covert Action in Chile, 14-19, 57-58; Bundy to President Johnson, transmitting 1 May 1964 memorandum from Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann to Rusk, 13 May 1964, “Presidential Election in Chile,” 5/64 (4) folder, box 1, NSF: Memorandums to President, LBJL.

97 Luyt to Piper of Colonial Office on relations between Hindus and Muslims, 14 September 1965, CO 1031/4854, PRO.

98 Embassy in Trinidad to State Department on conversation with Indian High Commissioner Nair, 7 May 1964, POL 15-1 BR GU, DSR, NA; Carlson to State Department, 25 May 1964, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA; CIA to State Department on meeting between Jagan and Consul Carlson, 28 June 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

99 Memorandum of conversation by Chase of meeting between Bundy, Helms, and State Department officers, 2 July 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

100 U.S. embassy in Jamaica to State Department on meeting between Caribbean heads of state, 22 January 1964, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA; memorandum of conversation between Assistant Secretary Mann and Ambassador Ellis Clarke of Trinidad, 29 June 1964, POL BR GU, DSR,, NA.

101 Under Secretary Ball to U.S. embassy in Trinidad, 13 May 1964, Cables, 12/63- 7/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

102 Sandys to Rusk, 30 July 1964, A19110/189G, FO 371/173352, PRO; Bundy handwritten rejection of proposal by Sandys on memorandum, and Chase to Bundy, 31 July 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL.

103 Ambassador Bruce to State Department, 21 April 1964, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA; account of remarks by Robert Edwards, 21 July 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL; Wilson’s remarks, 17 June 1964, CO 1031/ 4406, PRO; Howe, Anticolonialism in British Politics, 223-29.

104 Hatch, “Volcano in Guiana,” 630; Hatch, “Plan for Guiana,” 754.

105 Memorandum of conversation between Gordon Walker and William Tyler, 19 February 1964, POL 15, BR GU, DSR, NA; memorandum of conversation between Mayhew and M. Gordon Knox, 8 April 1964, POL-Political Affairs, BR GU, DSR, NA; Bruce to State Department, 21 April 1964, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA.

106 Memorandum of conversation between Ben Segal of AFL-CIO and Joseph Mintzes of State Department, 13 April 1964, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA; Gordon Chase of NSC to Bundy, 14 September 1964, British Guiana Special File, box 5, NSF: Intelligence File, LBJL; CIA paper on Labor Party and British Guiana, 13 August 1964, CIA (1) folder, box 8, NSF: Agency File, LBJL.

107 Bruce to State Department, 20 October 1964, Chase to Bundy, 20 October 1964, Memorandums, 8/64-11/64, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

108 Greenwood to Gordon Walker, 23 October 1964, Walker to Greenwood, 26 October 1964, CO 1031/4407, PRO.

109 Rusk to President Johnson, 24 October 1964, Rusk to Johnson on his conversation with Walker, 27 October 1964, “Gordon Walker Talks with President” folder, box 213, NSFCO: United Kingdom, LBJL; memorandum of conversation between Johnson and Walker, 27 October 1964, FRUS, 1964-1968, 12:469-72.

110 Memorandum of conversation between Wilson and Jagan, 29 October 1964, PREM 13/137, PRO; Jagan, West on Trial, 322.

111 Minute by Greenwood of meeting with prime minister and foreign secretary, 9 November 1964, CO 1031/4407, PRO; memorandum of conversation between Wilson and Greenwood, 9 November 1964, memorandum of conversation among Wilson, Walker, and Greenwood, 25 November 1964, PREM 13/137, PRO.

112 Memorandum of conversation between Wilson and Ball, 30 November 1964, PREM 13/137, PRO; memorandum of conversation between Walker and Rusk, 7 December 1964, A19110/278, FO 371/173553, PRO.

113 Luyt to Greenwood, 12 March 1965, CO 1031/4408, PRO.

114 Agee, Inside the Company, 406.

115 Singh, Guyana, 40.

116 Carlson to State Department, 23 November 1964, POL 23-8 BR GU, DSR, NA; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 113-15.

1 Note on Cabinet meeting, 18 December 1964, PREM 13/137, PRO; Interim Development Plan, 13 January 1965, CO 1031/4686, PRO.

2 Interim Development Plan, 13 January 1965, CO 1031/4¼686, PRO; memorandum of conversation between John Rennie of Foreign Office and Jack Vaughan of State Department, 19 March 1965, A1127/23, FO 371/179180, PRO; Singh, Guyana, 120.

3 Memorandum of conversation between Tyler and Michael N. F. Stewart of United Kingdom embassy, 8 January 1965, POL 2 BR GU, DSR, NA; “Record of Anglo-US Consultations after Election of 1964,” 17-18 December 1964, A10110/13G, FO 371/179144, PRO.

4 Minute by Rennie, 7 January 1965, A1127/9, FO 371/179180, PRO; J. E. Killick, United Kingdom Embassy, to Slater of American Department of Foreign Office, 14 June 1965, A10110/69, FO 371/179144, PRO.

5 CIA Office of National Estimates, “Prospects for British Guiana,” Special Memorandum No. 3-65, 25 January 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

6 State Department to Georgetown on meeting with British officials, 4 January 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65 folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; memorandum of conversation between Tyler and King, 27 January 1965, POL 19 BR GU, DSR, NA.

7 Killick to Foreign Office on Carlson, 30 July 1965, A10110/94, FO 371/179144, PRO; Carlson to State Department, 11 April 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; Carlson to State Department, “Annual Report,” 17 September 1965, POL 2 BR GU, DSR, NA.

8 Bundy to Presidential Aide Jack Valenti, 7 April 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

9 Carlson to State Department, “Annual Report,” 17 September 1965, POL 2 BR GU, DSR, NA; Premdas, “Guyana,” 136.

10 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 121; Singh, Guyana, 40.

11 Singh, Guyana, 49; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 119-20; Jagan, West on Trial, 325-39.

12 United Kingdom embassy in Havana to Foreign Office, 31 December 1964, AK1041/ 1, D. R. Ashe in Havana to Foreign Office, 30 March 1965, AK1041/3, FO 371/ 179456, PRO.

13 Stevenson to State Department, 22 January 1965, POL 7 BR GU, DSR, NA; Carlson to State Department, 9 December 1965, POL 12 BR GU, DSR, NA; J. Harold Shullaw, Bureau of North American Affairs, to Walter J. Stoessel, European Division, on Jagan visa, 5 October 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65 folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

14 Milton Gregg, Canadian High Commissioner, Georgetown, to Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 25 January 1965, CO 1031/4408, meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, 22 June 1965, CO 1031/4409, PRO.

15 Hilton Poynton to Governor Luyt, 5 January 1965, Gordon Walker to Greenwood, 5 January 1965, note on meeting between Wilson and Greenwood, 7 January 1965, PREM 13/137, PRO.

16 Luyt to Colonial Office on Burnham, 24 January 1965, Colonial Office to Luyt on Greenwood trip, 18 February 1965, Greenwood speech to Commonwealth writers, 25 February 1965, CO 1031/4408, PRO.

17 Greenwood to prime minister, 22 March 1965, CAB 21/5523, PRO; minute by Greenwood on visit to British Guiana, 23 March 1965, CO 1031/4408, PRO.

18 Minutes of cabinet meeting on British Guiana, 29 March 1965, CAB 130/228, PRO.

19 Greenwood minute of telephone conversation with Wilson, 28 March 1965, CO 1031/5041, PRO; Wilson notation of 5 May 1965 on dispatch, Colonial Office to Luyt, 5 April 1965, PREM 13/137, PRO.

20 Wilson, Personal Record, 191.

21 Minute by Greenwood on visit to British Guiana, 23 March 1965, CO 1031/4408, PRO; memorandum of conversation between Willis C. Armstrong of U.S. embassy in London and Sandys, 14 February 1965, POL 15-1 BR GU, DSR, NA.

22 Carlson to State Department on conversation with Greenwood, 15 February 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

23 Luyt to Colonial Office, 17 April 1965, CO 1031/4408, PRO.

24 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 117-18; Jagan, West on Trial, 333.

25 Jagan, West on Trial, 336-37; Wilson to Jagan, 13 November 1965, PREM 13/136, PRO.

26 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 120-21.

27 Helms to Bundy, 14 July 1965, Chase to Bundy, 14 July 1965, CIA report on conversation with Burnham, 27 August 1965, Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

28 Minutes of Cabinet meeting with Governor Luyt, 8 November 1965, CAB 130/248, PRO.

29 Memorandum of conversation between Greenwood and Rusk, 18 October 1965, PREM 13/734, PRO; memorandum of conversation between Rusk and Greenwood, POL 16 BR GU, DSR, NA.

30 Chase to Bundy, 13 October 1965, Chase to Bundy, 18 October 1965, memorandum of conversation between Bundy and Greenwood, 18 October 1965, Cables, 12/64- 10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

31 Chase to Bundy on consultations with Carlson, 5 October 1965, CIA Office of National Estimates, “British Guiana Moves Toward Independence,” Special Memo 25-65, 29 October 1965, both in Cables, 12/64-10/65, folder, box 55, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; Helms to Bundy, “British Guiana,” 10 December 1965, Cables, 12/65-1/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

32 Burnham to Rusk, 12 February 1966, POL 16 BR GU, DSR, NA.

33 Goulden, Jerry Wurf, 102-3; Lens, “Labor and the CIA,” 25-29; New York Times, 22 February 1967, 1, 17.

34 McCabe to “Brothers,” 18 September 1964, folder 7, box 23, RG 18-007, IAD: International Labor Organization Activities, GMLA.

35 Meakins to McLellan, 24 July 1964, folder 3, box 17, RG 18-001, IADCF, 1945- 1971, Series 4: Latin America and the Caribbean, GMLA.

36 Doherty to Joseph Beirne, secretary-treasurer of American Institute of Free Labor Development, 12 September 1969, folder 6, box 17, RG 18-007, IAD: International Labor Organization Activities, GMLA.

37 Report, “Guyana: The Independence Celebrations,” 5 July 1966, DO 200/235, PRO.

38 Luyt to Colonial Office, 25 May 1966, CO 1031/5071, PRO.

39 Colonial Office to Commonwealth Office, “Background Paper on British Guiana,” 30 March 1966, CO 1031/5071, PRO.

40 Jagan, West on Trial, 344.

41 National Intelligence Estimate 87.2-67, “Guyana,” 7 December 1967, folder 87.2, box 9, NSF: National Intelligence Estimates, LBJL; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 122.

42 High Commissioner to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 10 April 1969, FCO 63/136; CIA Intelligence Memorandum, “Recent Economic Performance in Guyana and Prospects for 1968,” December 1967, Memorandums, 5/66-11/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

43 Singh, Guyana, 40; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 122.

44 CIA Special Report, “Guyana After Independence, 15 July 1966,” CIA, “Report on Guyana’s PPP: Problems and Prospects,” 10 February 1967, Memorandums, 5/66- 11/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; Carlson to State Department, 12 June 1967, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA.

45 Crosthwait to Dennis Cleary of Commonwealth Office on June 1966 note of Martin K. Ewans of Commonwealth Office, 2 August 1966, DO 200/235, PRO.

46 Ewans’s note on Guyana, June 1966, Crosthwait to Cleary on Ewans note, 2 August 1966, Johnston minute on Ewans’s note, 6 July 1966, DO 200/235, PRO; note by A. Michael Palliser on conversation with Rostow, 30 July 1966, PREM 13/2698, PRO.

47 Briefing for Prime Minister Wilson on visit of Forbes Burnham, June 1968, FCO 23/256, PRO.

48 CIA Special Report, “Guyana After Independence,” 15 July 1966, Thomas H. Karamessines, Deputy Director of Plans of CIA, to Rostow on Burnham’s plans for next election, 12 June 1968, Memorandums, 5/66-11/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

49 Carlson to State Department, 12 June 1967, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA; Carlson to State Department, 12 September 1967, POL Guyana-USSR, DSR, NA; Carlson to State Department, 21 November 1967, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA; Kattenberg OH, FAOHC.

50 Rostow to Johnson, 20 July 1966, Memorandums, 5/66-11/6⅙8, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; Carlson to Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs Lincoln Gordon on Burnham visit, 4 August 1966, POL 7 BR GU, DSR, NA.

51 Cobb OH, FAOHC. See also speech of 8 April 1968 in Burnham, Destiny to Mould, 268-71.

52 Carlson to State Department, 11 May 1967, POL 2 Guyana, DSR, NA.

53 Fitzgibbons to Sayre, 15 December 1966, POL 12 BR GU, DSR, NA.

54 Karamessines to Rostow on Burnham’s plans, 12 June 1968, Memorandums, 5/66- 11/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

55 Singh, Guyana, 40-41; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 123-25; Ridgwell, Forgotten Tribes of Guyana, 187-90.

56 Sunday Times (London), 16 April 1967, 1, 3, and 23 April 1967, 3.

57 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 125-27; U.S. embassy, London, to State Department on investigations of electoral fraud, 16 December and 19 December 1968, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA.

58 Hughes to Rusk, 21 November 1967, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA.

59 Kattenberg OH, FAOHC. See also U.S. embassy, Stockholm, to State Department on absentee voting, 19 January 1968, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 123.

60 Rusk to Johnson, 20 January 1968, POL 7 Guyana, DSR, NA; Rusk to U.S. embassy, Georgetown, on Johnson meeting with Burnham, 23 January 1968, Cables, 5/66- 11/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL; memorandum by William Bowdler of NSC on Johnson conversation with Burnham, 26 July 1968, Memorandums, 5/66-11/68, folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

61 Hill to Carlson, 20 June 1968, Carlson to Hill, 29 June 1968, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA; Rusk (Oliver) to Carlson, 17 October 1968, POL 15-2 Guyana, DSR, NA.

62 Hughes to Rusk, 13 December 1968, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA.

63 Rostow to Johnson on PL 480 loan, 11 July 1968, Gaud to Johnson, 18 November 1968, Rostow to Johnson, 23 November 1968, Memorandums, 5/66-11/68 folder, box 56, NSFCO: British Guiana, LBJL.

64 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 125-27; Singh, Guyana, 40-42; Ridgwell, Forgotten Tribes of Guyana, 200-220.

65 State Department to U.S. embassy in Georgetown with attached 23 December 1968 message from State Department to Rostow, 26 December 1968, Carlson to State Department, 31 December 1968, POL 14 Guyana, DSR, NA; Rostow to Johnson, 24 December 1968, folder 1/1/68-1/20/69, box 21, NSF: Head of State Correspondence File, LBJL.

66 Memorandum of conversation between Hill and D’Aguiar in State Department to U.S. embassy, Georgetown, 16 January 1969, POL 7 Guyana, DSR, NA; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 128.

67 Premdas, “Guyana,” 140; Singh, Guyana, 44.

68 Singh, Guyana, 42-44, 62; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 145-46, 191-93.

69 High Commissioner Kenneth G. Ritchie to Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home, 1 October 1970, FCO 63/457, PRO.

70 Singh, Guyana, 76-81, 87; Spinner, Social and Political History of Guyana, 162; Jeffrey and Baber, Guyana, 137; Ridgwell, Forgotten Tribes of Guyana, 31-34.

71 Conway, “Caribbean Diaspora,” 343-50; Watson and Craig, Guyana at the Crossroads , 22; Premdas, “Guyana,” 146; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 170.

72 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 156-57; Singh, Guyana, 60; Watson and Craig, Guyana at the Crossroads, 25.

73 Jeffrey and Baber, Guyana, 129-36; Hope, Post-War Planning Experience, 16-24; Premdas, “Guyana,” 141, 154; Singh, Guyana, 47. See also 24 August 1969 speech by Burnham presenting his vision of a “cooperative socialist republic” in Burnham, Destiny to Mould, 152-60.

74 Burke OH, FAOHC.

75 Singh, Guyana, 105-15; Jeffrey and Baber, Guyana, 149-54.

76 Singh, Guyana, 114; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 165, 183-85; Ridgwell, Forgotten Tribes of Guyana, 36-38.

77 High Commissioner W. S. Bates to Foreign Secretary Douglas-Home, 31 December 1970, FCO 631/715, PRO.

78 Singh, Guyana, 82-86; Burke OH, FAOHC.

79 John A. Sankey, High Commissioner’s Office, to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 11 April 1970, FCO 63/457, PRO; Sankey to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 18 June 1971, FCO 63/720, PRO; Premdas, “Guyana,” 138-39; Singh, Guyana , 120-23, 134-36.

80 Bates to Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 29 August 1972, FCO 63/955, PRO; Manley, Guyana Emergent, 14.

81 Burke OH and Ambassador Clint A. Lauderdale OH, FAOHC.

82 Manley, Guyana Emergent, 64-71; Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions, 368-69; Maingot, “Grenada and the Caribbean,” 132-38; Singh, Guyana, 48.

83 New York Times, 25 May 1976, 2, 24 May 1976, 1, 14.

84 Lauderdale OH, FAOHC. See also Jeffrey and Baber, Guyana, 35-37; Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 159, 168; Hintzen, Costs of Regime Survival, 68.

85 Carlson to State Department, 28 August 1969, POL 12 GU, DSR, NA; Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” 250-52.

86 Singh, Guyana, 49-54.

87 Minute by D. G. Allen, Caribbean Department of Foreign and Commonwealth Office, on report, “Annual Review of Guyana for 1970,” 1 January 1971, FCO 63/714, PRO.

88 Kissinger, Years of Renewal, 726, 914; Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions, 368-69; Singh, Guyana, 130.

89 Ptolemy A. Reid, Deputy Prime Minister of Guyana, to Vice President Walter Mondale, 9 September 1977, folder CO 63: Guyana, box CO-29, WHCF: Subject File, JCL; Singh, Guyana, 122-23.

90 Lauderdale OH, FAOHC.

91 Spinner, Political and Social History of Guyana, 194-99, 204, 211.

92 World Bank, Guyana, xi-xvi; Watson and Craig, Guyana at the Crossroads, 9-17, 68, 75; Pastor, “George Bush and Latin America,” 361-87.

93 Jones OH, FAOHC; Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government, Observing Guyana’s Electoral Process, 40-41.

94 Jagan quoted in Watson and Craig, Guyana at the Crossroads, 72; and Jones OH, FAOHC.

95 Jones OH, FAOHC.

96 Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 779; “Tale of Two Books,” 763-64; New York Times, 30 October 1994, 10.

1 Guthman and Shulman, Robert Kennedy, 294.

2 Smith, British Guiana, 205. See also Newman, British Guiana, 83-84.

3 Memorandum of conversation between Rusk and Argentine diplomats, 18 January 1962, FRUS, 1961-1963, 12:292-94; Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 59-60. For a discussion of “credibility” in U.S. diplomacy, see McMahon, “Credibility and World Power,” 455-71.

4 Rabe, “After the Missiles of October,” 721; Giglio and Rabe, Debating the Kennedy Presidency, 37.

5 Rosenberg, “Gender,” 116-24. See also Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 6-9; Keith, “Imperial Mind,” 19-29.

6 Rotter, “Gender Relations,” 518-42; Rotter, Comrades at Odds.

7 New York Times, 14 December 1997, 1, 6.

8 Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy, 46-91.

9 Sillery, “Salvaging Democracy,” iii. For a discussion of the ability of local elites in the Western Hemisphere to manipulate the United States, see Leonard, “Central America and the United States,” 1-30; Longley, Sparrow and the Hawk.

10 Dodd to Attorney General Kennedy, 31 March 1961, folder 742, box 24, and Dodd to President Kennedy, 28 June 1962, folder 1042, box 32, Dodd Papers.

11 For a discussion of the role of religion in international relations see essays by Andrew J. Rotter, Robert Dean, Robert Buzzanco, and Patricia R. Hill in “Round-table,” 593-640.

12 For a concise critique of this “new diplomatic history” see Brands, “Review of Comrades at Odds,” 1595-96. See also Buzzanco, “Where’s the Beef,” 623-32; Ashton, Kennedy, Macmillan, and the Cold War, 226.

13 “Tale of Two Books,” 763-64; New York Times, 30 October 1994, 10. For a discussion of the CIA’s alleged tendency to act like a “rogue elephant,” see Senate Select Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots.

14 Clifford, “Bureaucratic Politics,” 161-68.

15 “Tale of Two Books,” 763-64.