Notes
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES
GSMNPA Great Smoky Mountains National Park Archives, Townsend, Tenn.
NARA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
Swain County Register Swain County Property Records, Swain County Register of Deeds, Bryson City, N.C.
1850 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, National Archives microfilm publication M432, NARA
1860 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, National Archives microfilm publication M653, NARA
1870 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, National Archives microfilm publication M593-1144, NARA
1880 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, National Archives microfilm publication T9, NARA
1900 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, National Archives microfilm publication T623, NARA
1910 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, National Archives microfilm publication T624, NARA
1920 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, National Archives microfilm publication T625-1314, NARA
1930 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, National Archives microfilm publication T626, NARA
1940 Census U.S. Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, National Archives microfilm publication, T627, NARA
INTRODUCTION
1. Moore, Roadside Guide, 31.
2. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 517; Wilburn, Cherokee Landmarks around the Great Smokies, 4.
3. Kephart, Our Southern Highlanders, 50, 28–32.
CHAPTER 1
1. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 7.
2. Newman, “Overview,” 3–5.
3. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 8.
4. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 8–9.
5. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 8.
6. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 206.
7. Dickens, Cherokee Prehistory, 12.
8. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 9.
9. Newman, “Overview,” 6.
10. Newman, “Overview,” 6.
11. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 9.
12. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 9.
13. Newman, “Overview,” 6; Dickens, Cherokee Prehistory, 11.
14. Angst, Archaeological Investigations at Site 31SW393, 32–34.
15. Angst, Archaeological Investigations at Site 31SW393, 32–34; Angst, Archaeological Investigations of Sites 31SW393, 31SW451, 31SW459 and 31SW460, 48–83.
16. Newman, “Overview,” 9.
17. King, “History and Archeology”; Dickens, Cherokee Prehistory, 94.
18. King, “History and Archeology.”
19. Angst, Archaeological Investigations at Site 31SW393, 134.
20. Newman, “Overview,” 9.
21. Newman, “Overview,” 9; Dickens, Cherokee Prehistory, 100–101; Bense, Archaeology of the Southeastern United States, 218–19.
22. Creswell and Guymon, “Prehistoric and Historic Background,” 10; Dickens, Cherokee Prehistory, 207.
23. Kreusch, Report on Archeological Investigations, 11.
24. Keel, “Ravensford Tract Archeological Project,” 9–11.
25. Wilburn, “Nununyi, the Kituhwas,” 55; and “Archeological Overview,” 6–8.
26. Angst, Archaeological Investigations at Site 31SW393, 138.
CHAPTER 2
1. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 232.
2. King, “Introduction,” ix.
3. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Christianity, 130–35; Mails, Cherokee People, 18.
4. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 346.
5. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 346.
6. Dickens, Cherokee Prehistory; Dickens, “Origins and Development of Cherokee Culture,” 3–32.
7. Whyte, “Proto-Iroquoian Divergence,” 134–44.
8. Whyte, “Proto-Iroquoian Divergence,” 141.
9. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 182.
10. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes through Human Ecology,” 101.
11. Polhemus, Toqua Site, 1221.
12. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 220; Rodning, “Architectural Symbolism and Cherokee Townhouses,” 62.
13. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 214.
14. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 101.
15. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 102.
16. Cumfer, Separate Peoples, One Land, 25; Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, xii.
17. Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 12–15.
18. Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 14.
19. McLoughlin, Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic, 15.
20. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 242–45.
21. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 101.
22. Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 11, 17–18.
23. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 250–51, 263–64.
24. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 425.
25. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 325–29, 472–74.
26. Duncan and Riggs, “Cherokee Heritage Trails Guidebook,” 77.
27. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 321–22.
28. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 327–29.
29. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 425; Garrett and Garrett, Medicine of the Cherokee, 114.
30. Purdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 4.
31. Reid, “Perilous Rule,” 33–45.
32. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 250; Perdue, Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 5–6.
33. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 245–49.
34. Zogry, Anetso, 33–44, 52.
35. Zogry, Anetso, 188.
36. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 286–87.
37. Zogry, Anetso, 188–90.
38. Gaillard, As Long as the Waters Flow, 29–30.
CHAPTER 3
1. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xii.
2. King, “Introduction,” x.
3. Dunaway, First American Frontier, 32.
4. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 204.
5. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 204.
6. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 38.
7. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 38.
8. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 40.
9. Dunaway, Women, Work, and Family, 55.
10. Dunaway, First American Frontier, 32.
11. Thornton, Cherokees, 29–40.
12. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, May 21, 1750–August 7, 1754, 84–85.
13. King, “Introduction,” xii.
14. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 38.
15. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 42.
16. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xvi.
17. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, May 21, 1750–August 7, 1754, 74–75.
18. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, May 21, 1750-August 7, 1754, 172.
19. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, May 21, 1750–August 7, 1754, Vol. 1, 76.
20. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xvi.
21. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, May 21, 1750–August 7, 1754, xvi–xvii.
22. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, May 21, 1750–August 7, 1754, 194.
23. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 49.
24. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, 13–14.
25. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, 22.
26. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xxii–xxiv; Conley, Cherokee Encyclopedia, 166.
27. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xxiv–xxv.
28. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xxvi–xxx.
29. McDowell, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1754–1765, xxxv; Hatley, Dividing Paths, 114–33; Tortora, Carolina in Crisis, 101–34; Conley, Cherokee Encyclopedia, 166–69.
30. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 53–54.
31. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 54.
32. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 54–55.
33. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 55–56.
34. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 222–23.
35. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 57.
36. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 63.
37. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 60.
38. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 60–63.
39. Colonel Moore to General Rutherford, November 17, 1776, quoted in Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 61.
40. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 61.
41. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 62–63.
42. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 66–67.
43. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 223–25.
44. McLoughlin, Cherokee Renascence, 64–66; Dunaway, Women, Work, and Family, 59–63.
45. King, “Introduction,” xiii.
46. Schroedl, “Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology,” 225–25; Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 106.
47. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 106.
48. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 68–69; Dunaway, First American Frontier, 53–54.
49. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 113; Dunaway, Women, Work, and Family, 60.
50. Peterson, “Defining Cultural Landscapes,” 113.
CHAPTER 4
1. Parris, “Boundary Tree Still Lives in Memory.”
2. Wigginton, “Rufus A. Morgan,” 403.
3. State Library of North Carolina, “NC Land Records before 1800.”
4. Arthur, Western North Carolina History, 138–39.
5. Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8; Dunaway, First American Frontier, 72–86.
6. Peterson, “Two Early Boundary Lines,” 21.
7. Peterson, “Two Early Boundary Lines,” 29.
8. McCarter and Kelley, Meigs Line, 130.
9. Thomas Freeman’s Journal, in Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, 1801–1835, National Archives microfilm publication M208, RG 75, roll 1, p. 549, NARA.
10. Thomas Freeman’s Journal, 549–50.
11. McCarter and Kelley, Meigs Line, 146; Conley, Cherokee Encyclopedia, 130.
12. Thomas Freeman’s Journal, 549–50.
13. McCarter and Kelley, Meigs Line, 151.
14. Ellison, Mountain Passages, 69.
15. Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 10; Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 162.
16. Thomas Freeman’s Journal, 549–50.
17. Return J. Meigs to secretary of war, October 20, 1802, cited in Peterson, “Two Early Boundary Lines,” 42n32.
18. Meigs to secretary of war, October 22, 1802, cited in Peterson, “Two Early Boundary Lines,” 43n32.
19. Meigs to secretary of war, n.d., cat. no. 15656, Meigs Post Papers, GSMNPA.
20. Webb, Leigh, and Benyshek, Ravensford Land Exchange Tract, 38.
21. Arthur, Western North Carolina History, 208.
22. Webb, Leigh, and Benyshek, Ravensford Land Exchange Tract, 48.
23. McLoughlin and Conser, “Cherokees in Transition,” 687.
24. Frizzell, “Native American Experience,” 41.
25. Dykeman and Stokely, Highland Homeland, 44–45.
26. Dykeman and Stokely, Highland Homeland, 24.
27. Carl G. Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 7.
28. See Cathey, Genesis of Lincoln; Coggins, Eugenics of President Abraham Lincoln; and Coggins, Abraham Lincoln.
29. Edward C. Conner, “Manuscript of Edward C. Conner,” unpublished manuscript, November 17, 1937, Conner folder, DDC 390.92, p. 36–38, Edd Conner Manuscript, GSMNPA. This manuscript seems to be an early version of a more polished memoir by Edward Clarence Conner, also probably completed in 1937. It is a disorganized typescript that contains some passages that appear in the memoir, but it also contains anecdotes and information about Oconaluftee residents that appear nowhere else. In addition, it is highly repetitive as if it is a collection of draft pages that the author or an assistant intended to revise and polish later. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 71.
30. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 71–72.
31. Ed Trout, “Mingus Mill,” unpublished manuscript, 1990, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
32. Dunaway, First American Frontier, 47–48.
33. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 11; Owl, “Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,” 106; “Register of Persons Who Wish Reservation under the Treaty of July 8, 1817,” document 1987.091.001, Reservations under 1817 Treaty Collection, Museum of the Cherokee Indian Archives, Cherokee, N.C.
34. “Register of Persons Who Wish Reservation under the Treaty of July 8, 1817,” Reservations under 1817 Treaty Collection.
35. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 163; Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 71; Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 10–11, 49.
36. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 163.
37. Dunaway, Women, Work, and Family, 102–4.
38. Frizzell, “Native American Experience,” 43.
39. Quoted in Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 11.
40. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 163. Interestingly, Willnotah does not mention the topic of alcohol in his account of the trance and vision.
41. Wilburn, “Indian Gap Trail,” 1–2.
42. Minutes of Haywood County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions, 1809–1834, microfilm 2A, 2:189, quoted in Jenkins, Gass, n.p., n10; Dunaway, First American Frontier, 108–10.
43. Wilburn, “Indian Gap Trail,” 8–9.
44. Robert S. Lambert, “The Pioneer History of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Report to the Superintendent Based upon Documentary Sources,” June 15–October 1, 1957, p. 67, Robert S. Lambert Papers, GSMNPA.
45. W. H. Thomas to Jas. P. H. Porter, June 24, 1839; Thomas to Elizabeth and John Welch, September 6, 1839; and Thomas to H. P. King, September 28, 1839, all reproduced in Wilburn, “Indian Gap Trail,” 23–26.
46. “Representations of the value of the Qualla Town store as made out by J. W. King,” January 1, 1837, and December 31, 1838, MS 80–3, folder 75, William Holland Thomas Papers, Special Collections, Western North Carolina University, Cullowhee.
47. “Robert Collins Road Book: Smoky Mountain Head of Oconalufty River Heading towards Tennessee,” June, no year, 1897.157.012, folder 12, William Holland Thomas Collection I, Museum of the Cherokee Indian Archives, Cherokee, N.C.
48. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 424.
49. Kendall, Rifle Making, 10.
50. Jenkins, “Mining of Alum Cave,” 78–87; Inscoe, Mountain Masters, 89–104; Dunaway, First American Frontier, 184–85.
51. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 383.
52. Arthur, Western North Carolina, 224.
53. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 11.
54. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 17.
55. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 11–12. Bush names John H. Beck, but he may have been John C. Beck.
56. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 18–19, 25; Alma Matney Francis, “Jacob Mingus, Sr. Family: Refuted Data,” unpublished manuscript, Iowa Park, Tex., 1985, cat. no. 15658, p. 2, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
57. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 4.
58. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 88.
59. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 163.
60. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 163.
CHAPTER 5
1. Memorial of citizens of Haywood and Macon Counties, January 31, 1836, roll 2, William Holland Thomas Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C.
2. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 163.
3. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 18.
4. “Letter from General W. Scott to War Department”; Jurgelski, “New Light on the Tsali Affair,” 133–64.
5. “Washington’s Account as Related to Molly Sequoyah,” 224.
6. Jurgelski, “New Light on the Tsali Affair,” 138.
7. Ellison, “Will Thomas, Tsali & Tsali’s Rock,” 25–26.
8. “Letter from General W. Scott to War Department.”
9. Conley, Cherokee Encyclopedia, 250.
10. Ellison, “Will Thomas, Tsali & Tsali’s Rock,” 22.
11. “Petition of Area Whites to Col. Foster.”
12. “Newspaper Clipping from the Scrapbook of Col. W. S. Foster’s Wife.”
13. Jurgelski, “New Light on the Tsali Affair,” 139, 153.
14. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 112–14.
15. King and Evans, “Tsali,” 194–99.
16. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:149.
17. Kent Cave, “Reminiscences of Mrs. Gerald Mooney,” September 1981, interview transcript, p. 1, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA.
18. Ellison, “Will Thomas, Tsali & Tsali’s Rock,” 26.
19. Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 12–13.
20. Hill, “East Is East and West Is West,” 57–58; Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 29.
21. Thomas and Savage, “William Holland Thomas,” 36–47.
22. Thomas and Savage, “William Holland Thomas,” 41; Conley, Cherokee Encyclopedia, 91–92.
23. Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 12–13, 40.
24. Paul T. Atteridg, “The Descendants of Abraham Enloe,” unpublished manuscript, n.d., Enloe Family Papers, GSMNPA; Tom Robbins Papers, Mingus Family folder, GSMNPA.
25. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 422–23, 425.
26. 1850 Census, Slave Schedule, Haywood County, N.C., p. 2; 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., p. 2.
27. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 421.
28. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 423; Robert S. Lambert, “The Pioneer History of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Report to the Superintendent Based upon Documentary Sources,” June 15–October 1, 1957, p. 59, Robert S. Lambert Papers, GSMNPA.
29. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 77.
30. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 423.
31. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 28–40.
32. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 168.
33. Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 42; Wilburn, “Memorandum for the Superintendent,” March 22, 1939, Mingus Family folder, cat. no. 15658, GSMNPA; Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8; Frizzell, “Native American Experience,” 46–57.
34. Kilpatrick and Kilpatrick, “Chronicles of Wolftown,” 1–111.
35. Kilpatrick and Kilpatrick, “Chronicles of Wolftown,” 58–60.
36. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 85–87.
37. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 73.
38. John Mingus to David Ring, March 20, 1845, 2012.321.0001.1, Museum of the Cherokee Indian Archives, Cherokee, N.C.
39. T. H. Welch, Note regarding John Mingus, May 29, 1868, 2012.366.0001.1, Museum of the Cherokee Indian Archives.
40. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 88.
41. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 89.
42. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 90.
43. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 92.
44. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 85.
45. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 93–114.
46. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 93–95.
47. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 96.
48. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 100–104.
49. Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 104–5.
50. Dykeman and Stokeley, Highland Home, 51; Webb, Leigh, and Benyshek, Ravensford Land Exchange Tract, 49; Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 88.
51. Kilpatrick and Kilpatrick, “Chronicles of Wolftown,” 46–47.
52. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 48–60.
53. Dunaway, Women, Work, and Family, 86–88.
54. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 34–37; Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” part 3.
55. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 44, 48.
56. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 425.
CHAPTER 6
1. Fink, “Early Explorers in the Great Smokies,” 63–64.
2. Fink, “Early Explorers in the Great Smokies,” 64; Ward, “People Names in Plant Names.”
3. Frome, Strangers in High Places, 104.
4. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 263.
5. Fink and Avery, “Arnold Guyot’s Explorations,” 255.
6. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 252.
7. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 264n39, 288.
8. Fink, “Early Explorers in the Great Smokies,” 67.
9. Fink and Avery, “Arnold Guyot’s Explorations,” 256, 259–61; Guyot, “Guyot’s Measurement of the Mountains of Western N.C.,” 1; Ablon, “Tribal Council Supports Changing NC Mountain’s name.”
10. Frome, Strangers in High Places, 109.
11. Fink, “Early Explorers in the Great Smokies,” 66.
12. Fink and Avery, “Arnold Guyot’s Explorations,” 255; Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 251–318.
13. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 263–64.
14. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 289.
15. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 284.
16. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 290.
17. Avery and Boardman, “Arnold Guyot’s Notes,” 291.
CHAPTER 7
1. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 3; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 22–23.
2. Inscoe, Mountain Masters, 105–14.
3. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 3.
4. “Hamilton T. Mingus,” roll 0245; “Thomas G. Enloe,” roll 0243; “Benjamin M. Enloe,” roll 0315; “Benjamin F. Enloe,” roll 0315; “William A. Enloe,” roll 0352; “Joseph A. Collins,” roll 0314, all in Civil War Service Records, Confederate, North Carolina, National Archives microfilm publication M270, RG 109, NARA.
5. Hamilton T. Mingus to Abraham Mingus, Asheville, N.C., August 23, 1861, Jenkins and Sossamon, Heritage of Swain County, 14.
6. “Thomas Enloe,” roll 0243, “Benjamin M. Enloe,” roll 0315, “William A. Enloe,” roll 0352, all in Civil War Service Records, Confederate; Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 6.
7. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 168–69.
8. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 1–13; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 45–46; Thomsen, Rebel Chief, 161–76; Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 93–100.
9. “Asaph T. Enloe,” roll 0569; “Sevier S. Enloe,” roll 0569; “John T. Enloe,” roll 0569; “John T. Collins,” roll 0568; “Ephraim S. Conner,” roll 0568; “Benjamin Carver,” roll 0568; “James H. Bradley,” roll 0568; “Osborn Bradley,” roll 0568; “William A. Beck,” roll 0567; “John A. Beck,” roll 0567; “Stephen J. Beck,” no roll number; “S. Carson Beck,” roll 0567; “Jarrett M. [sic.] Smith,” roll 0573, all in Civil War Service Records, Confederate; Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 20; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 42–43; Bush, Dorie, 141. Curiously, Bush notes that Benjamin Carver was about seventeen years younger than Aden Carver.
10. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, caption to illustrations following p. 96.
11. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 14–15, 198; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 729–31.
12. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 84.
13. Quoted in Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 5.
14. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 5–8, Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 47, Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 85–86.
15. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 16–17; Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 91–94; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 736–37.
16. Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 48; Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 29–30.
17. Quoted in Inscoe and McKinney, Heart of Confederate Appalachia, 110.
18. Prince, “Fort Harry,” 2–6; McMahan, “Upland Chronicles”; Wilburn, “Indian Gap Trail,” 11–12.
19. Prince, “Fort Harry,” 2–3; Robert S. Lambert, “The Pioneer History of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Report to the Superintendent Based upon Documentary Sources,” June 15–October 1, 1957, p. 25, Robert S. Lambert Papers, GSMNPA.
20. “Benjamin Carver,” roll 0568, Civil War Service Records, Confederate; Civil War “Widows’ Pensions,” National Archives microfilm publication RG 15, NARA; Beckwith, “Narcissus Carver”; Prince, “Fort Harry,” 3–4.
21. Parker, “25th North Carolina Infantry Regiment”; “Fredericksburg,” American Battlefield Trust.
22. Benjamin Franklin Enloe to John Mingus, December 18, 1862, in Jenkins and Sossamon, Heritage of Swain County, 14.
23. “Benjamin F. Enloe,” roll 0315, Civil War Service Records, Confederate.
24. “Joseph A. Collins,” roll 0314, Civil War Service Records, Confederate; Jenkins, Gass, n.p., n31.
25. Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 61.
26. Inscoe and McKinney, Heart of Confederate Appalachia, 115; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 738.
27. Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 88.
28. Fisher Civil War in the Smokies, 85.
29. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 170.
30. “Joe Welch,” roll 0574, Civil War Service Records, Confederate; Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 40–46; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 738–42.
31. Inscoe and McKinney, Heart of Confederate Appalachia, 103.
32. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 51; Inscoe and McKinney, Heart of Confederate Appalachia, 111.
33. Reagan, “Asoph Hughes Family,” 184; Carl G. Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 6; “Asoph Hughes,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2013, www.findagrave.com/memorial/111271426/Asoph-Hughes.
34. Donald B. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:129–57. The chapter on the Bradley family shows that James and Osborn, who enlisted in 1862, were brothers and sons of James Holland and Martha Grant Bradley. William B. (“William Bradley,” roll 0568) and Andrew Jackson Bradley Jr. (listed as “A. Jackson Bradley,” roll 0568) were also brothers and sons of Andrew Jackson Bradley and Mary Elvira Trentham Bradley. They enlisted in March 1863 but on different days, which may explain why Andrew Jackson Jr. was enrolled in Company K rather than Company F. Thomas Bradley (“Thomas Bradley,” roll 0568) was the son of Isaac and Mida Ledbetter Bradley. Finally, Wilson Bradley (“Wilson Bradley,” roll 0568) was either a half-brother to James Holland Jr. and Osborn, as the son of James Holland Bradley and his first wife, name unknown, or he was the son of Wilson and Jane Bright Bradley. If he was the former, he married Elizabeth T. Mingus and moved with her family to Missouri; he would have been thirty-seven when he enlisted. If he was the son of Wilson and Jane Bradley, he was a Wilson Jr. and would have been twenty-six years old at enlistment. All citations are to Civil War Service Records, Confederate.
35. “William Bradley,” roll 0568; “A. Jackson Bradley,” roll 0568; “Thomas Bradley,” roll 0568; “Wilson Bradley,” roll 0568, all in Civil War Service Records, Confederate.
36. “William T. Bradley,” roll 0014; “Thomas Bradley,” roll 0014; “James Bradley,” roll 0014, all in Civil War Service Records, Union, North Carolina, National Archives microfilm publication M 401, RG 94, NARA.
37. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 50–54; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 123–25.
38. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 56; Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 118.
39. Arthur, Western North Carolina, 610.
40. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 56–58; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 126–27.
41. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 95–97; Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 131–32.
42. Quoted in Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 116.
43. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 114–16; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 135–36.
44. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 64–93; Shenandoah Valley Battlefields, “Battle of Piedmont,”; Cooling, “Monocacy”; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 743–56.
45. Dougherty, “A Bad Time Was Had by All”; Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 94–98; Adelman, “Third Battle of Winchester”; Dunn, “Battle of Third Winchester.”
46. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 97–102.
47. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 4.
48. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 121–25; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 137–39; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 758–59; Fisher, “Colonel George W. Kirk,” 37–38.
49. Wilburn, “Indian Gap Trail,” 17.
50. Jenkins, Gass, n.p., n31; Wilburn, “Indian Gap Trail,” 14; Prince, “Fort Harry,” 3–5. Prince dates the incident of Kirk’s passage over Oconalufty Turnpike as the winter of 1864, but it actually occurred in February 1865.
51. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 123.
52. Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 125–41; Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 141–42; Stringfield, “Sixty-Ninth Regiment,” 760–61.
53. Fisher, Civil War in the Smokies, 148.
54. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 4.
55. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 4.
CHAPTER 8
1. Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, 129.
2. Edward C. Conner, “Manuscript of Edward C. Conner,” unpublished manuscript, November 17, 1937, Conner folder, DDC 390.92, p. 2–3, Edd Conner Manuscript, GSMNPA.
3. 1880 Census, Oconalufty Township, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, pp. 1–19.
4. Zeigler, “On Foot across the Mountains.”
5. Davis, “Qualla,” 581.
6. Kephart, Our Southern Highlanders, 445.
7. Davis, “Qualla,” 577.
8. Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 130.
9. Charles Grossman, “0–67 Mingus Creek Mill,” unpublished notes, November 26, 1935, pp. 1–2, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
10. Conner, “Manuscript of Edward C. Conner,” 71.
11. 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., pp. 1–5.
12. 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., p. 2; 1870 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., p. 271B; 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, p. 210B; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, p. 3; Howell, “Life of Berry Howell,” 182–83; Woodford, When All God’s Children Get Together, 14–17.
13. 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, p. 202C. This family is particularly confusing because a note appears below its 1880 Census listing that is only partly legible. It says, “This last family here is obscurity had like to have been forgotten. is the last one taken there being no place in place it with the proper numbers use the acres [illegible].” Further, Abram Mingus was the census enumerator in 1880, so one would expect that he would correctly list a household that he likely knew and that shared his last name.
14. 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., p. 2; 1870 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., p. 271B; 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, p. 202C; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 108, p. 6.
15. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 63–64; Alma Matney Francis, “Jacob Mingus, Sr. Family: Refuted Data,” unpublished manuscript, Iowa Park, Tex., 1985, cat. no. 15658, pp. 3–4, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA; “Clarinda Trentham,” August 24, 1926, no. 22683, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville; Tennessee Death Records, 1908-1958, roll 10, Tennessee State Library and Archives; “C.J. Mingus, age 28, married William R. Trentham, of Gatlinburg, Tenn., 21, on June 2, 1883, in Swain County, N.C.,” U.S. Marriage Records, 1741–2011, RG 048, North Carolina County Registers of Deeds, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh; 1880 Census, Gatlinburg, Sevier County, Tenn., Enumeration District 188, p. 454B.
16. Santoro, Myself When I Am Real, 15–16; “Charles Mingus,” Army Register of Enlistments, 1798–1914, National Archives microfilm publication M233, RG 94, NARA; “Charles Mingus, Sr.,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2011, www.findagrave.com/memorial/80898521/Charles-Mingus. See also Gabbard, Better Git It in Your Soul, 13–17; Mingus, Beneath the Underdog, 124–33.
17. 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., p. 2; 1870 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., p. 266B; 1880 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., Enumeration District 102, pp. 254A–55B; 1900 Census, Quallatown, Jackson, N.C., Enumeration District 56, p. 8.
18. 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., pp. 1–2; 1870 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C. p. 274A; 1880 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., Enumeration District 102, p. 253A; Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835–1844, National Archives microfilm publication T496, M1773, RG 75; Enumeration and Enrollment Censuses, 1893–1905, RG 75, NN-371-22, p. 11, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1793–1999, National Archives at Atlanta, Ga.
19. 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, pp. 199–208.
20. 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, pp. 199–208; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, p. 1–36; Swain County Register, vol. 6 (1876): 274–75; 19: 10–12; 13: 244; 20: 6.
21. 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, p. 304A; Howell, “Life of Berry Howell,” 182–83; Swain County Register, vol. 7 (1884): 91–92; 18 (1894): 178–79; 20 (1904): 550; 31 (1908): 205; 31 (1909): 447; 41 (1913): 69; 42 (1915): 16; 42 (1916): 269; 48 (1920): 454; 62 (1936): 200; “Chrisenberry Napoleon Haynes Howell,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2014, www.findagrave/memorial/139261445/Chrisenberry-Napoleon-Haynes-Howell; “Sarah ‘Sally’ Powell Howell,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2015, www.findagrave/memorial/143938571/Sarah-Sally-Powell-Howell; Woodford, When All God’s Children Get Together, 14–17.
22. 1900 Census, Quallatown, Jackson, N.C., Enumeration District 56, p. 183B; 1910 Census, Charleston, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 147, p. 10B; 1920 Census, Charleston, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 175, p. 12B; 1930 Census, Charleston, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 1, p. 8B; 1940 Census, Bryson City, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 87-1, p. 18A; “William Moses Powell, March 6, 1969, 11586, Death Certificate, Bryson City, Swain County, N.C.,” North Carolina Death Certificates, 1909–1976, S.123, rolls 19-242, 280, 313-682, 1040-1297, North Carolina State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh; “Anna Powell Thomas, August 10, 1950, 24192, Death Certificate, Charleston, Swain County, N.C.,” North Carolina Death Certificates; “Beulah Powell Sudderth,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1660s–Current, 2011, www.findagrave/memorial/65931820/Beulah-Powell-Sudderth; Swain County Register, vol. 32: 61; 35: 469; 42: 539; 45: 395; 50: 251, 425; 51: 351; “James and Lizzie P. Powell,” 258.
23. 1860 Census, Slave Schedule, Jackson County, N.C., p. 2; “Statistics of Birdtown Indians taken in the year 1899,” North Carolina, Native American Census, selected tribes 1894–1913, Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835–1844, M1773, RG 75 T496, p. 5, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1793–1999, National Archives at Atlanta, Ga.; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, p. 4B; 1904 Indian Census, roll 22, line 5, Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1941, M595, RG 75, NARA; 1910 Indian Census, roll 22, line 14, Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1941; 1910 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 153, p. 9A; 1920 Census, Ocanalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 182, p. 6A; 1923 Indian Census, roll 4, line 4, Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1941; 1930 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 10, p. 4A; 1940 Census, Beaverdam, Haywood County, N.C., Enumeration District 44-8, p. 5A; Guion, “Hester Roll, 1884,” record 987, p. 16, Records Relating to Enrollment of Eastern Cherokee by Guion Miller, 1908–1910, M685, RG 75, 12 rolls, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1793-1999, NARA; “Churchill Roll 1908,” North Carolina, Native American Census, selected tribes 1894–1913, Eastern Cherokee Census Rolls, 1835–1844, M1773, RG 75, T496, p. 72; Report of Guion Miller on Exceptions to his Report of May 28, 1909, January 5, 1910, record 9333, Records Relating to Enrollment of Eastern Cherokee by Guion Miller, 1908–1910; United States Department of the Interior, Indian Field Service Eastern Cherokee Enrolling Commission, 150–64; “Harrison Coleman Death Certificate, January 1, 1923, 182,” North Carolina Death Certificates; “Roll of Deceased Eastern Cherokee Annuitants Whose Right to Enrollment with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina Were Challenged by the Tribal Council, Who Left Estates Consisting of Suspended Per Capita Payments and Accrued Interest, and Who Died prior to June 4, 1924,” Final Roll of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, under Act of June 4, 1924, 1928 Baker Roll and Records of the Eastern Cherokee Enrolling Commission, 1924–1929, National Archives microfilm publication M2104, RG 75, pp. 457–59, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, NARA; “Mourning Emmaline Coleman,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2011, www.findagrave.com/memorial/80287806/Mourning-Emmaline-Coleman; “Gibsontown Cemetery Memorials,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2011, www.findagrave.com/cemetery/2352000/memorial-search?page=1sr129495137.
24. 1870 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., p. 284B; 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C. Enumeration District 183, p. 208D; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, pp. 1A–16B.
25. Thornton, Cherokees, 130.
26. Thornton, Cherokees, 125.
CHAPTER 9
1. Hiram C. Wilburn, “Types of Architectures in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: The More Pretentious Two-Story House,” unpublished manuscript, n.d., cat. 15658, p. 1, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
2. Wilburn, “Types of Architecture,” 1.
3. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 79–81.
4. 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, p. 202C.
5. “John Mingus,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2007, www.findagrave.com/memorial/17274331/John-Mingus; “Mary ‘Polly’ Enloe Mingus,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2007, www.findagrave.com/memorial/17274348/Mary-Polly-Enloe-Mingus; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 108, p. 6.
6. Ed Trout, “Mingus Mill,” unpublished manuscript, 1990, pp. 2–3, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
7. Trout, “Mingus Mill,” 2–3.
8. Trout, “Mingus Mill,” 3–6.
9. Charles Grossman, “0–67 Mingus Creek Mill,” unpublished notes, November 26, 1935, p. 2, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA. The identity of the “Bill Bradley” who helped with the mill is not known.
10. Trout, “Mingus Mill,” 1–3.
11. “P. Suie, early marriage record, February 8, 1885, North Carolina,” U.S. Marriage Records, 1741–2011, RG 048, North Carolina County Registers of Deeds, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.
12. 1880 Census Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, p 201B.
13. Alexander, “The Big Smoky Mountains,” 10. Thanks to Don Casada for information about Alexander’s professorship.
14. Howell, “Life of Berry Howell,” 183.
15. 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, p. 3; Sale of 108 acres more or less from J. M. Enloe and wife, M. A. Enloe, to J. L. Floyd, December 18, 1905, registered March 11, 1907, Swain County Register, vol. 31 (1905): 11.
16. 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, pp. 201B, 203B, 208D; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 109, pp. 1–3; 1910 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 152, p. 1A; 1920 Census, Ocanalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 181, p. 4B; “Joseph Johnson ‘Joe’ Enloe,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2010, www.findagrave.com/memorial/52407441/Joseph-Johnson-Joe-Enloe; “Lula Hayes Enloe,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2015, www.findagrave.com/memorial/153271467/Lula-Hayes-Enloe; “Malinda Lollis Enloe,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2011, www.findagrave/memorial/71088294/Malinda-Lollis-Enloe; “Wesley Matthew Enloe,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2011, www.findagrave/memorial/71088227/Wesley-Matthew-Enloe; Record of Appointment of Postmasters, 1832–Sept. 30, 1971, roll 95, p. 557, Records of the Post Office Department, M841, RG 28, NARA.
17. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:190; Alma Matney Francis, “Jacob Mingus, Sr. Family: Refuted Data,” unpublished manuscript, Iowa Park, Tex., 1985, cat. no. 15658, p. 3, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
18. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 135.
19. Mrs. R. L. Creal, “‘Doc’ Conner Has Lived 62 Years in Smokies,” unpublished manuscript, n.d., box 2, folder 25, Casada Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Swain County Register, vol. 2 (1880): 390–92.
20. Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” 4–5.
21. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 34–35.
22. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:182–200; Ida Reagan, “Asoph Hughes Family,” 185.
23. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 1:15; Donald B. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:190; Burr, Map of North and South Carolina Exhibiting the Post Offices, Post Roads, Canals, Rail Roads, &c, in Burr and Arrowsmith, American Atlas, 6; Daily Bulletin of Orders.
24. Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, 130.
25. Jenkins, Gass, 2–10.
26. Jenkins, Gass, 19; Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 58.
27. Edward C. Conner, “The Conner Manuscripts: Story of the Life of Edward Clarence Conner,” unpublished manuscript, n.d., Conner folder, no. 33980, p. 1, Edd Conner Manuscript, GSMNPA. This is the second of the two unpublished Edd Conner memoirs. Both are typescripts. This one appears better organized and is formatted in double columns. The title page is on National Park Service letterhead with Arno B. Cammerer named as director, so it would have been created during Cammerer’s tenure between 1933 and 1940, probably in 1937.
28. “John C. Beck,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2010, www.findagrave.com/memorial/53474208/john-beck; “Jane M. Swearinggen Beck,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2021, www.findagrave.com/memorial/221913849/Jane-M-Beck.
29. “Samuel Beck,” U.S. Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2010, www.findagrave.com/memorial/53454062/Samuel-Beck; Crow, Storm in the Mountains, 178.
30. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 44, 127–29.
31. The cause of death as childbirth comes from the U.S. Federal Census Mortality Schedule, 1850–85, National Archives microfilm T655, NARA.
32. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 127–29.
33. Maples, Smoky Mountains Cemeteries, 133–36; Great Smoky Mountains National Park, “Cemeteries within Great Smoky Mountains National Park,” 5; “Beck Cemetery Memorials.” U.S. Find-a-Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2000, www.findagrave.com/cemetery/46827/memorial-search?page+1#sr-71928272.
34. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:129–57.
35. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:149.
36. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:137–38; Jackson County Register of Deeds, vol. 1 (1848): 586.
37. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:139, 155.
38. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:149–50.
39. 1870 Census, Qualla Township, Jackson County, N.C., pp. 271A–73A.
40. Reagan, Smoky Mountain Clans, 2:145–50.
CHAPTER 10
1. Sossamon, “Aseph Hamilton Hughes Family,” 183–84; Ida Reagan, “Asoph Hughes Family,” 184–85; Carpenter, “Thomas Irvin Hughes,” 185–86; Sparks, “William Self and Mary Lugene Moody Hughes,” 187–88; Williams, “Agriculture.”
2. Edward C. Conner, “The Conner Manuscripts: Story of the Life of Edward Clarence Conner,” unpublished manuscript, n.d., Conner folder, no. 33980, pp. 1, 2, Edd Conner Manuscript, GSMNPA.
3. “Conner Manuscripts,” 2–9.
4. In his memoir, Edd Conner states that the Sunday preacher was “Henery Conner” and the one who called him to his conversion was “John Harvy Conner.” But this variance in names seems to be a feature of the manuscript rather than an indication that the man was any other than William Henry Conner. “Conner Manuscripts,” 1, 2.
5. “Conner Manuscripts,” 15–17.
6. “Conner Manuscripts,” 18.
7. “Conner Manuscripts,” 19.
8. “Conner Manuscripts,” 26–64; Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 92.
9. Sale of land from W. A. Enloe and his wife, M. C. Enloe, to M. E. Hayes, February 15, 1900, registered March 2, 1901, Swain County Register, vol. 22 (1900): 171–72.
10. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 92.
11. “Conner Manuscripts,” 65–68.
12. “Conner Manuscripts,” 68–69.
13. “Conner Manuscripts,” 69.
14. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 141; Florence Cope Bush, “Mary Bradley Carver,” unpublished manuscript, n.d, p. 2, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA.
15. Smith, “Aden Carver—Mountaineer,” 5.
16. Joseph Hall, “Aden Carver Interview,” Smokemont, N.C., 1939, transcript, pp. 118–21, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA.
17. 1880 Census, Harrisburg, Sevier County, Tenn., Enumeration District 181, p. 343B.
18. Charles Grossman, “0–67 Mingus Creek Mill,” unpublished notes, November 26, 1935, p. 1, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA; Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 80; Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 52, 143.
19. Hall, “Aden Carver Interview,” 119; Brad Free notes on Aden Carver, n.d., p. 2, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA.
20. Bush, “Mary Carver Bradley,” 3.
21. Kent Cave, “Reminiscences of Mrs. Gerald Mooney,” September 1981, interview transcript, p. 1, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA.
22. Cave, “Reminiscences of Mrs. Gerald Mooney,” 1.
23. Sale of land from A. K. Bradley and Sarah Bradley to J. L. Queen, October 28, 1881, registered October 29, 1881, in Swain County Register, vol. 3 (1881): 165–66.
24. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 68.
25. Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen,” 260; “Alice Bradley Queen, death May 22, 1948, 9997, Valleytown, N.C.,” North Carolina Death Certificates, 1909–1976, S.123, rolls 19-242, 280, 313-682, 1040-1297, North Carolina State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh; 1920 Census, Ocanalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 182, p. 11A.
26. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 12.
27. Swain County Register, vol. 3 (1882): 183–84.
28. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 12.
29. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 27.
30. Swain County Register, vol. 27 (1906): 513–14.
31. 1880 Census, Ocona Lufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 183, pp. 199–208D; 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration Districts 108 and 109; pp. 287A–301B, 302A–17B. These numbers are based on a hand count of the 1880 and 1990 census sheets for Oconalufty township, excluding both “Indian” and Black (or mulatto) families. The number for 1900 also excludes Quallatown, which was located in Jackson County and counted as a separate census district that year.
32. Carpenter, “Thomas Irvin Hughes,” 186.
CHAPTER 11
1. Frizzell, “Native American Experience,” 48; Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 131; Thomsen, Rebel Chief, 221.
2. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 102–5; Owl, “Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,” 136–42.
3. “Agreement between W. H. Thomas and Abraham Mingus,” March 6, 1866, William H. Thomas Collection I, 1987.157009, Museum of the Cherokee Indian Archives, Cherokee, N.C.; Temple, Map Showing the Chief Location and Lands of the Eastern Band of Cherokees; Thomsen, Rebel Chief, 225.
4. Godbold and Russell, Confederate Colonel, 132–33; Thomsen, Rebel Chief, 223–25; Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 119; Owl, “Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,” 126–30.
5. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 108–10; Owl, “Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,” 136–42.
6. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 125; Frizzell, “Politics of Cherokee Citizenship,” 211–12.
7. Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 18.
8. Frizzell, “Politics of Cherokee Citizenship,” 206.
9. Frizzell, “Native American Experience,” 48–50.
10. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 125–34.
11. Davis, “Qualla,” 584.
12. Davis, “Qualla,” 583–84.
13. Davis, “Qualla,” 584.
14. Davis, “Qualla,” 586.
15. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 131–34; Owl, “Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,” 154–56.
16. Young, “Sketch of the Cherokee People,” 171.
17. Carrington, “Eastern Band of Cherokees,” 16.
18. Carrington, “Eastern Band of Cherokees,” 16.
19. Carrington, “Eastern Band of Cherokees,” 16; Young, “Sketch of the Cherokee People,” 171–72.
20. Carrington, “Eastern Band of Cherokees,” 16; Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 9.
21. Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, 36.
22. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 147–49.
23. Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, 38; Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 114, 139–42.
24. Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, 38–39.
25. Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, 39.
26. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 156–58.
27. Oakley, New South Indians, 9–10; Perdue, Cherokee, 91.
28. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 84; Ward and Davis, Time before History, 6–7; Valentine, “Our Mission and History.”
29. Mann S. Valentine, “Report on Excavations at the Sawnooke Mound, Swain County, North Carolina in 1882,” 1883, MS C 57, archaeological notes, Valentine Family Papers, Valentine Archives, Richmond, Va.
30. Valentine, “Report on Excavations,” Valentine Family Papers, 1–2.
31. Valentine, “Report on Excavations,” Valentine Family Papers, 2.
32. Valentine, “Report on Excavations,” Valentine Family Papers, 5.
33. Greene, Cherokee Out Towns, 84.
34. Edward Valentine to Mann Valentine, July 18, 1883, Valentine Family Papers.
35. Ward and Davis, Time before History, 7.
36. Moses, Indian Man, 18–22.
37. Moses, Indian Man, 22–36.
38. Colby, “Routes to Rainy Mountain,” 600.
39. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 310–19.
40. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 311.
41. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 312.
42. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 313.
43. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee”; Mooney, “Swimmer Manuscript”; Kilpatrick and Kilpatrick, “Chronicles of Wolftown,” 1–111.
44. Speck and Broom, Cherokee Dance and Drama, xv–xxiv.
45. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 332.
46. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 329.
47. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 330.
48. Colby, “Routes to Rainy Mountain,” 94–97, 107.
49. Colby, “Routes to Rainy Mountain,” 76, 85, 108–9.
50. Moses, Indian Man, 40.
51. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 318–19.
52. “James Mooney,” 211.
53. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 313.
54. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 314–18.
55. Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 8.
56. The area of the Cathcart Tract is outlined on Temple’s map: Map Showing the Chief Location and Lands of the Eastern Band of Cherokees.
57. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 162, 169.
58. Colby, Routes to Rainy Mountain, 75.
59. Spaulding, “Expenses of Timber Experts,” 3.
60. Spaulding, “Expenses of Timber Experts,” 4–6.
61. W. W. Wortherspoon, quoted in Williams, “Merger of Apaches,” 242.
62. United States et al. v. W. T. Mason Lumber Co., 714–22.
63. James, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 179; Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 171.
64. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 171–72; Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” 179.
65. United States et al. v. W. T. Mason Lumber Co., 722.
66. Robert S. Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Report to the Superintendent,” October 1, 1958, p. 30, Great Smoky Mountains National Park Library, Gatlinburg, Tenn.
67. Finger, Eastern Band of Cherokees, 174–75; Perdue, Cherokee, 90–99.
68. Oakley, New South Indians, 42–47.
69. Owl, “Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,” 142.
70. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee,” 328–31; Young, “Sketch of the Cherokee People,” 173.
71. Young, “Sketch of the Cherokee People,” 171.
72. Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 9.
73. Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 12.
74. Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 13.
75. Donaldson, Extra Census Bulletin, 14; Young, “Sketch of the Cherokee People,” 170.
CHAPTER 12
1. Robert S. Lambert, “The Pioneer History of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Report to the Superintendent Based upon Documentary Sources,” June 15–October 1, 1957, p. 9, Robert S. Lambert Papers, GSMNPA.
2. Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 7; Robert R. Madden, “Interview with Bert Crisp,” tape 42–69 with transcript, 1968–69, pp. 29, 37–41, Oral History Collection, GSMNPA; Mrs. R. L. Creal, “‘Doc’ Conner Has Lived 62 Years in Smokies,” unpublished manuscript, n.d., box 2, folder 25, p. 1, Casada Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Special Collection Library; Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” part 2.
3. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 9.
4. Holmes, Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, 70.
5. Swain County Register, vol. 24 (1903): 357–63; 33 (1909): 277–79. See also Southern Lumberman, July 15, 1902, 7; July 1, 1903, 27.
6. Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 351–52.
7. Poole, History of Railroading in Western North Carolina, 9–46; Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 354; Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, 99–100.
8. Message from the President Transmitting a Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 81–82.
9. Wesley M. Enloe died in 1903; his will named J. F. Enloe and Andrew J. Patton as executors and instructed them to sell his land “across the river and all my mountain lands” (September 1, 1902, Swain County, County Clerk’s Office). This land was sold to J. L. Floyd in 1906 and then again to logging concerns in 1909. See Swain County Register, vol. 29 (1906): 488–90; 31 (1909): 476.
10. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 35; George Beck interview, July 23, 1958, in Robert S. Lambert Papers, box 4, folder 8, GRSM 13217, GSMNPA; Poole, History of Railroading, 141.
11. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 33–35; Swain County Register, vol. 29 (1906): 1–14; 30 (1907): 437–43.
12. United States et al. v. W. T. Mason Lumber Co., 722.
13. Robert S. Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 354; “The Champion Lumber Company,” St. Louis Lumberman, 58; “Along the Smoky Mountain Range,” Lumber World, 21; statement of John C. Arbogast, “Expect to Prove: Champion Fibre Co,” n.d., p. 14-6, Champion Fibre Company Papers, GSMNPA; untitled note, Robert S. Lambert Papers, box 4, folder 7, GSMNPA.
14. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 29–31; Poole, History of Railroading, 172–73; Swain County Register, vol. 33 (1908): 80–85; 34 (1910): 381–85.
15. Mastran and Lowerre, Mountaineers and Rangers, 5.
16. Statement of John C. Arbogast, “Expect to Prove: Champion Fibre Co,” cited in untitled note, Robert S. Lambert Papers, box 4, folder 7, GSMNPA.
17. “Champion Lumber Company,” St. Louis Lumberman, 58; “In the Mountains of Western North Carolina,” American Lumberman, 43; “Expect to Prove: Champion Fibre Company,” cited in untitled note, Robert S. Lambert Papers, box 4, folder 8, GSMNPA; Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, 108–10.
18. Coleman, Railroads of North Carolina, 15, 37.
19. Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 360; “Receiver Asked for William Whitmer and Sons, Inc.,” New York Lumber Trade Journal, 26.
20. Lambert, “Logging on the Little River,” 358; untitled note, Robert S. Lambert Papers, box 4, folder 8, GSMNPA; Swain County Register, vol. 44 (1917): 76–79, 80–89, 420–28.
21. “R. E. Wood Buys in North Carolina,” Hardwood Record, 36.
22. Lambert, “Coming of the Railroad,” 15; Shipman, Thirty-First Report of the Department of Labor, 217, 265; Swain County Register, vol. 41 (1915): 340–42; 44 (1917): 429–31.
23. Madden, “Interview with Bert Crisp,” 15–16, 37–41.
24. Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, 110; Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 355–59; Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8.
25. Korstian, “Southern Appalachian Spruce Forest,” 9–11.
26. Untitled note, Robert S. Lambert Papers, box 4, folder 7, GSMNPA; Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 18.
27. “Mountains of Western North Carolina,” American Lumberman, 43.
28. Poole, History of Railroading in Western North Carolina, 140–43; Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 359.
29. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 34; Lambert, “Coming of the Railroad,” 16.
30. Coggins, Place Names of the Smokies, 45–46; Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” 8.
31. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 34.
32. Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 31–33; Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8.
33. Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 362.
34. Lambert, “Coming of the Railroad,” 16.
35. 1900 Census, Oconalufty, Swain, N.C., Enumeration District 108, pp. 287A–301B; Enumeration District 109, pp. 302A–17B; 1920 Census, Oconalufty, Swain, N.C. Enumeration District 181, pp. 237A–49B; Enumeration District 182, pp. 250A–65A.
36. Tom Robbins, personal communication with author, August 2, 2017.
37. Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 7; Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen,” 260; Swain County Register, vol. 44 (1917): 434–36; Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 104.
38. Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8; Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 97.
39. Lambert, “Logging in the Great Smokies,” 355–60; Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 31–32, 36.
40. “Doogaloo” is an alternate spelling; “Commissary,” Sylva (N.C.) Herald, 1; Perdue, Cherokee, 96; Ross Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke and Ruth Floyd Hill,” August 28, 2004, History no. 13, transcript, 9, 12–13, 68–69, Ravensford Oral History Project, GSMNPA; Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford.
41. Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke,” 68–69.
42. Bush, Dorie, 10–11.
43. 1920 Census, Ocanalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration Districts 181 and 182, pp. 237A–49B, 250A–65A.
44. “Commissary,” 1; Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen Family,” 260; Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8; Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke,” 50–51.
45. Lambert, Up from These Hills, 12–21.
46. Grimshawe, Map Showing the Location of the Dwellings and Commissary; Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen Family,” 260; Kent Cave, “Reminiscences of Mrs. Gerald Mooney,” September 1981, interview transcript, 4, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA.
47. Keel, “Ravensford Tract Archeological Project,” 14.
48. Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke,” 9–13; Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford.
49. Cave, “Reminiscences of Mrs. Gerald Mooney,” 8.
50. Sikora, Luten Bridges in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
51. Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, 38.
52. Swain County Register, vol. 44 (1917): 196–416; 44 (1918): 593–94; 48 (1920): 352–53; Madden, “Interview with Bert Crisp,” 15.
53. Swain County Register, vol. 46 (1919): 193–95.
54. Swain County Register, vol. 48 (1919): 350–51.
55. 1920 Census, Ocanalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 182, pp. 262B–63B; 1930 Census, Oconalufty, Swain County, N.C., Enumeration District 107, p. 3A.
56. Jaheu Conner’s name is highly variable in government documents. It seems that his full formal name was John Samuel Conner, but his nickname was Jaheu, Jeheu, and Jay Hugh. In some documents, he is referred to as John G. Conner, which seems an error. Charlie Conner’s full name was Charles Wiley Conner. Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” parts 2 and 3: 7.
57. Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” part 3: 9; “Andrew Coleman Cathey,” North Carolina Death Certificates, 1909–1976, S.123, rolls 19-242, 280, 313-682, 1040-1297, North Carolina State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.
58. Phillip E. Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” January 19, 2004, transcript, p. 2, Ravensford Oral History Project, GSMNPA.
59. Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford; Lambert, “Report to the Superintendent,” 31–36.
60. Swain County Register, vol. 61 (1933): 1–3; 61 (1934): 29–30.
61. Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford.
62. Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen Family,” 260.
63. Pierce, Great Smokies, 163; “Commissary,” 1; Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” 21; Lambert, “Oconaluftee River,” 8.
64. Lambert, “Coming of the Railroad,” 16.
CHAPTER 13
1. J. R. Eakin, “Memorandum for the Director,” December 23, 1930, box 1081, file 201-006, RG 79, National Archives, cited in Pierce, Great Smokies, 175; Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 63.
2. Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 63, 73; Robbins, “Great Smoky Mountains National Park,” 11–12.
3. Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 16–17; Charlotte Pyle, “CCC Camps in Great Smoky Mountains National Park,” unpublished manuscript, April 1979, 2, GSMNPA; Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 64.
4. Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 16–18, 33–36, 109, 121–27, 139; Pyle, “CCC Camps,” 2, 7–9; Ross Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke and Ruth Floyd Hill,” August 28, 2004, History no. 13, transcript, p. 11, Ravensford Oral History Project, GSMNPA; Burns and Schmitt, “Ravensford”; Oakley, New South Indians, 59.
5. Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 22, 28.
6. Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen,” 260.
7. Robert P. White, “Narrative Report on Emergency Conservation Work, Great Smoky Mtns. National Park,” January 1934, p. 5, GSMNPA.
8. Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 67.
9. Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 28.
10. Davis, My CCC Days, 12; Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford.
11. Davis, My CCC Days, 23–55; Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 44; Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford; Phillip E. Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” January 19, 2004, transcript, p. 4, Ravensford Oral History Project, GSMNPA.
12. Davis, My CCC Days, 27–30, 57.
13. Davis, My CCC Days, 31–32; Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 39.
14. R. H. Montony, “General Report on ECW for First Enrollment Period,” September 1933, Civilian Conservation Corps Papers, GSMNPA.
15. Pierce, Great Smokies, 177–78; Jill Breit, “Interview of Tom Robbins,” June 15, 2005, transcript, p. 4, Ravensford Oral History Project, GSMNPA.
16. Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 60–62; Breit, “Interview of Tom Robbins,” 17.
17. Cook, “Sketches of Haywood County,” 111–12; Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford; Eli Potter, “Eli Potter 4/1/35,” Eli Potter Papers, GSMNPA.
18. Ed Trout, “Mingus Mill,” unpublished manuscript, 1990, pp. 3–10, Mingus Family Papers, GSMNPA.
19. “A. A. Carver, Smokemont, Marks, 100th Birthday,” Asheville Citizen; Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke,” 55.
20. Trout, “Mingus Mill,” 3.
21. Pierce, Great Smokies, 180; Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 223–24; Brown, Wild East, 137; Brill, “Smokies’ Conscientious Objector (CO) Work Camp,” 14.
22. Tom Robbins, personal communication with author, August 2, 2017.
23. Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 72; Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 64; Burns and Schmitt, “Ravensford.”
24. Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 72.
25. Hiram C. Wilburn, “Letter to the Superintendent,” June 6, 1939, Hiram C. Wilburn Papers, GSMNPA.
26. Jolley, “That Magnificent Army,” 33.
27. Catton, “Gift for All Time,” 70; “Commissary,” Sylva (N.C.) Herald, 1; Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford; National Conference on State Parks, “Truck Tire-Changing Dolly,” 38; and “Safety Device for Roller’s Trailing Wheels,” 29.
28. Lambert, “Oconaluftee Valley,” 8; see also Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 145–46.
29. “Elmina Clementine ‘Clem’ Conley Enloe,” U.S Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2008, www.findagrave/memorial/25301882/Elmina-Clementine-Enloe.
30. Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” 19–23; Robert R. Madden, “Interview with Bert Crisp,” tape 42–69 with transcript, 1968–69, p. 25, Oral History Collection, GSMNPA.
31. Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” 4–5.
32. “Edward Clarence Conner,” U.S Find a Grave Index, 1600s–Current, 2012, www.findagrave/memorial/92149407/Edward-Clarence-Conner; Young, “Wilson Ensley and Amanda Catherine Queen Family,” 260.
33. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 5–7.
34. Tom Robbins, personal communication with author, August 1, 2017.
35. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 8–9; “Certificate of Death for Ben Clingham Fisher, August 6, 1970, no. 25781, Cherokee, Swain County, N.C.,” North Carolina Death Certificates, 1909–1976, S.123, rolls 19–242, 280, 313–682, 1040–1297, North Carolina State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh.
36. Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 5; “National Register of Historic Places Inventory.”
37. Breit, “Interview of Tom Robbins,” 9.
38. Burns and Schmitt, Ravensford; Fuqua, “Interview of Mescal Burke,” 43–44.
39. Kent Cave, “Reminiscences of Mrs. Gerald Mooney,” September 1981, interview transcript, p. 3, Carver Family Papers, GSMNPA; Bush, Ocona Lufta Baptist, 138–43.
40. Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” 7.
41. Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” 4.
42. Weals, “Saga of the Dock Conner Family,” part 3: 8–9.
43. Pridemore, F. D., “Memo H3015,” April 21, 1994, Tom Robbins Papers, Vertical Files, Oconaluftee Ranger Station, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee, N.C.
44. Trout, Historic Buildings of the Smokies, 46–47.
45. Finger, Cherokee Americans, 75–97; Oakley, New South Indians, 36–76; Whisnant, Super-Scenic Motorway, 183–213.
CHAPTER 14
1. This account of the Smokemont Baptist Church Reunion is based on the author’s attendance, August 7–10, 2014.
2. Phillip E. Coyle, “Dan Lambert Interview,” January 19, 2004, transcript, p. 12, Ravensford Oral History Project, GSMNPA.