Notes

Abbreviations

AHC	Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock
CSL	Connecticut State Library, New Haven
DAB	Dictionary of American Biography. 20 vols., supp. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928–81.
DU	Duke University, Durham, N.C.
ENW	William S. Speer, ed. The Encyclopedia of the New West. Marshall, Tex.: U.S. Biographical Publishing Co., 1881.
FSNHS	Fort Smith National Historic Site, Fort Smith, Ark.
GCA	Greene County Archives, Springfield, Mo.
HL	Hulston Library, Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Republic, Mo.
KSHS	Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka
LC	Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
LSU	Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
MHS	Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis
MSA	Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City
NARA	National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
OR	U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 128 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. OR citations take the following form: volume number: page number. Unless otherwise indicated, all citations are from series 1.
RCHS	Riley County Historical Society, Manhattan, Kans.
TSL	Texas State Library, Austin
UKL	University of Kansas at Lawrence
UMC	University of Missouri at Columbia
USAMHI	U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
WJC	Whit Joyner Collection, New Hill, N.C.
YU	Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Preface

1. Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray, 21.

2. See Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence; Linderman, Embattled Courage; Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers; Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress and Union Soldier in Battle; McPherson, What They Fought For and For Cause and Comrades.

Chapter One

1. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 2–3; Winters, Civil War in Louisiana, 3.

2. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 124–25; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 23.

3. Winters, Civil War in Louisiana, 9–17.

4. “First in the Field,” Baton Rouge Daily Advocate, Apr. 16, 1861.

5. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 121–23; Bragg, Louisiana in the Confederacy, 36.

6. Tunnard, A Southern Record, xx.

7. “Pelican Rifles,” Baton Rouge Daily Advocate, Apr. 19, 1861; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 24; Odom, “The Political Career of Thomas Overton Moore,” 33–34; “Our City,” Shreveport Weekly Mews, Apr. 29, 1861; Perry Anderson Snyder, “Shreveport, Louisiana, during the Civil War,” 33; Hardin, Northwestern Louisiana, 56, 59, 152; Bragg, Louisiana in the Confederacy, 36; William Bonner to Dear Mother, Aug. 21, 1861, Bonner Family Papers, LSU; Cutrer and Parrish, Brothers in Gray, 5.

8. Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers, 18–19.

9. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 124; Bragg, Louisiana in the Confederacy, 57; William Bonner to Dear Mother, Aug. 21, 1861, Bonner Family Papers, LSU.

10. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 29–30; “Our Friends,” Shreveport Daily News, May 1, 1861.

11. “First in the Field” (Apr. 16, 1861) and “The Spirit of ’76 Revived! Departure of the Pelican Rifles” (Apr. 30, 1861), Baton Rouge Daily Advocate; “Departure of the Pelicans,” Port Allen Sugar Planter, May 4, 1861.

12. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 127; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 31; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 224.

13. Winters, Civil War in Louisiana, 21–22; W. H. T. to Editor (May 3), in “Letter from Camp Walker,” Baton Rouge Daily Advocate, May 7, 1861.

14. For a list of newspapers, see Bibliography. W. H. T. to Editor (May 3), in “Letter from Camp Walker,” May 7, 1861, and Bob to Editor (May 5), in “Letter from Camp Walker,” May 8, 1861, Baton Rouge Daily Advocate; Bergeron, Guide to Louisiana Confederate Military Units, 76–77.

15. “A Card,” Baton Rouge Daily Advocate, May 9, 1861; “Rumors,” Baton Rouge Weekly Gazette and Comet, May 11, 1861.

16. George M. Heroman to My Dear Mother, May 9, 1861, Heroman Papers, LSU; “The Spirit of ’76 Revived! Departure of the Pelican Rifles,” Baton Rouge Daily Advocate, Apr. 30, 1861; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 162.

17. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 175; Warner, Generals in Gray, 130–31.

18. R. M. Hinson to My Dear Mat, July 25, 1861, Hinson Papers, LSU; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 126.

19. This flag belonged to Company K; the regiment carried the first national flag of the Confederacy as well. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 23; Madaus and Needham, “Unit Colors of the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy,” 126.

20. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 118; W. H. T. to Editor (May 12), in “Letter from Camp Walker” (May 16, 1861), and “Off to War” (May 25, 1861), Baton Rouge Daily Advocate; David Pierson to Dear Father, Apr. 22, 1861, Pierson Papers, LSU; Cutrer and Parrish, Brothers in Gray, 4–5, 13–15.

21. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 29; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 148, 236.

22. George M. Heroman to My Dear Mother, May 9, 1861, Heroman Papers, LSU; “The Review of the State Troops” (May 11, 1861) and W. F. Tunnard to Editor (May 21) (May 25, 1861), Baton Rouge Weekly Gazette and Comet; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 124, 162, 240, 244; Harold L. Peterson to Regional Director, Dec. 4, 1969, HL.

23. Winters, Civil War in Louisiana, 22; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 32; “St. Louis Massacre” (May 16, 1861), “Another Exciting Day in St. Louis” (May 17, 1861), “The Supreme Law of the Sword” (May 19, 1861), and “Interesting from Capitol of Mo.” (May 19, 1861), New Orleans Daily Picayune.

24. Watson’s dates for the trip are erroneous. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 166; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 31–33.

25. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 33–35; A. B. P. to Editor (May 25), in “Letter from the Third Regiment (Pelican Rifle Company),” Baton Rouge Weekly Gazette and Comet, June 9, 1861; Cutrer and Parrish, Brothers in Gray, 15.

26. Harrell, Arkansas, 5–6; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 18.

27. “Hon. W. E. Woodruff, Jr.,” ENW, 32.

28. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 9; Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, 41.

29. Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, 41–42; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 12–13.

30. Woodruff states erroneously that Totten was born in Virginia. Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, 42; Harrell, Arkansas, 9–10; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 13; Heitman, Historical Register, 1:966; “Totten, James,” Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography, 6:141; “Death of General Totten,” Sedalia Daily Bazoo, Oct. 5, 1871.

31. “Arrival of Volunteers for the Capture of Fort Smith,” Arkansas True Democrat, May 2, 1861; Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, 45–47, 61, 63.

32. Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, 61; Warner, Generals in Blue, 486–87; “Arrival of U.S. Troops,” Leavenworth Daily Times, June 1, 1861.

33. Warner, Generals in Gray, 202–3; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 14–15.

34. Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, 62–65; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 15–17.

35. Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 179; Matthews, Pearce, 23; “Tales of the War: Gen. N. B. Pearce Describes the Battle of Wilson’s Creek,” undated clipping from St. Louis Republican, N. Bart Pearce file, HL; Pearce, “N. B. Pearce Reminiscences,” 3, Pearce Papers, AHC.

36. Geise, “Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi,” 5; Scott and Myers, “Extinct ‘Grass Eaters’ of Benton County,” 154; “Mass Meeting” (Apr. 25, 1861), “Meeting in Hot Springs” (Apr. 25, 1861), “From Johnson County” (Apr. 25, 1861), “Public Meeting in Lawrence County” (May 2, 1861), “Meeting in Washington County” (May 2, 1861), “Public Meeting in Scott County” (May 2, 1861), “Meeting in Drew County” (May 2, 1861), “Meeting in Johnson County” (May 9, 1861), “Mass Meeting” (May 9, 1861), “Resistance Meeting—Hempstead a Unit!” (May 9, 1861), “Enthusiastic Meeting” (May 30, 1861), “Meeting in Marion County” (June 6, 1861), “From Columbia County” (June 6, 1861), “The Hempstead Rifles” (June 13, 1861), and “Officers and Members of the Invincible Guards” (June 20, 1861), Arkansas True Democrat; “Des Arc Rangers—Flag Presentation” (May 31, 1861), “Flag Presentation” (June 7, 1861), “To the Rector Guards” (June 22, 1861), and “Col. A. Forbes’ Reply” (July 24, 1861), Des Arc Semi-Weekly Citizen.

37. “The Hempstead Rifles,” Arkansas True Democrat, June 13, 1861; Montgomery, “Far from Home and Kindred,” n.p.; “Davis Blues”—Company F, Fifth Arkansas State Troops and Rivers Reminiscences, n.p., Folder 5th Ark. Inf. CSA, HL; History of Benton . . . Arkansas, 565, 568; McCulloch, “Sketch of the Life of Clem McCulloch,” 45; Roberts and Moneyhon, Portraits of Conflict, 59; Baxter, Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove, 38.

38. Weaver, “Fort Smith in the War between the States,” 5, FSNHS.

39. Hugh Thomas to Dear Carrie, WJC; Muster Roll—Armstrong’s Co. B, 1st Reg. Cav. Ark. Volunteers, McRae Papers, AHC.

40. The description of the Belle Pointe Guards’ uniforms is based on a photograph in HL. Muster Roll—Titsworth’s Co., 3d Reg., Ark. Vol. Inf., McRae Papers, AHC; History of Benton . . . Arkansas, 741; Weaver, “Fort Smith in the War between the States,” 1–3, FSNHS.

41. Baer served throughout the war, accompanied Confederate exiles to Mexico, and finally returned to Arkansas, where he became a wealthy and highly respected citizen of Fort Smith. “Hon. B. Baer,” ENW, 250–51.

42. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 20–22.

43. The troops (including Woodruff’s men) participating in the capture of Fort Smith were described as “well armed, drilled, and uniformed.” The Rocky Comfort soldier wrote that “a company of young ladies will be organized Saturday next,” but no confirmation of such action has been discovered. “Arrival of Volunteers for the Capture of Fort Smith” (May 2, 1861) and “The Ladies of Little Rock” (July 4, 1861), Arkansas True Democrat; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 20; Pearce, “N. B. Pearce Reminiscences,” Pearce Papers, AHC, 5; History of Benton . . . Arkansas, 742; Anonymous letter to Editor (June 30), in “Arkansas Correspondence,” Shreveport Weekly News, July 15, 1861.

44. Oates, “Texas under the Secessionists,” 169–70, 173–76; Geise, “Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi,” 4.

45. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 10–22; Rose, Life and Services of Gen. Ben McCulloch, 28, 42.

46. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 8.

47. Ibid., 65, 67–68, 103; Rose, Life and Services of Gen. Ben McCulloch, 55; “General Ben McCulloch,” ENW, 296.

48. Ben McCulloch to Dear Henry, June 20, 1849, and to Dear Mother, July 28, 1851, Dibrell Collection, TSL.

49. Ben McCulloch to Dear Henry, Sept. 10, 1861, ibid.; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 124–37; “General Ben McCulloch,” ENW, 296.

50. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 195; Josephy, Civil War in the American West, 24–25.

51. Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 26–28; “Call for Eight Thousand Troops,” Texas Republican, May 4, 1861; “The Rendezvous in Dallas,” Dallas Herald, June 19, 1861.

52. “Letter from Dallas” (May 18, 1861), “The Invasion of Northern Texas” (May 18, 1861), and “A Sermon Delivered by the Rev. T. B. Wilson, D.D.” (May 25, 1861), Texas Republican.

53. Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 73; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 28, 30; “The Invasion of Northern Texas,” Texas Republican, May 18, 1861.

54. Cater, As It Was, 68, 71–73.

55. Sparks, War between the States, 133; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 30; “Greer’s Regiment” (June 19, 1861) and “Colonel Greer’s Command” (July 3, 1861), Dallas Herald.

56. Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 39–44.

57. Johnson, Texans Who Wore the Gray, 407.

58. Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 45–46, 48; “From the ‘Texas Hunters’” (July 13, 1861), “The Ladies of Dallas . . .” (July 3, 1861), and “A Flag for the Regiment” (July 3, 1861), Texas Republican; Cater, As It Was, 77–78.

Chapter Two

1. Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 2–3, 6–23.

2. Ibid., 42–44; Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 39.

3. Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 37–38; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 128, 189.

4. Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 128–29; Covington, “Camp Jackson Affair,” 198.

5. Hopewell, “Camp Jackson,” 1, 3–7, MSA; Westover, “Evolution of the Missouri Militia,” 99–100, 104–5, 107–9, 114, 120; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 52.

6. Political conflict in St. Louis was more complex than this brief summary can suggest. See Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 41–55; McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri, 39–45; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 189.

7. Parrish, History of Missouri, 3:6–8; Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 44–116.

8. Parrish, History of Missouri, 3:7–8.

9. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 5–14, and History of Missouri, 3:1; Snead, “First Year of the War in Missouri,” 264; Webb, Battles and Biographies, 295–98; War Department, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 12.

10. “Militia Meeting” (May 3, 1861) and E. M. Samuel to Editor, in “To All Conservative Union Men” (May 3, 1861), Richmond Weekly North-West Conservator.

11. “Public Meeting” (May 7, 1861), W. R. Samuel to Editor (May 1) (May 16, 1861), and “Rules and Regulations” (May 16, 1861), Randolph Citizen; “Meeting at Hardin” (May 10, 1861), “Meeting at Elk Horn” (May 10, 1861), “Springfield, Mo., May 18” (May 24, 1861), and “Immense Union Meeting” (May 31, 1861), Richmond Weekly North-West Conservator, “Public Meeting,” Weekly Central City and Brunswicker, May 4, 1861; “What Shall We Do Now?,” Glasgow Weekly Times, Apr. 25, 1861; History of Clay and Platte Counties, 201; Cockrell, History of Johnson County, Missouri, 107.

12. Secretary of War to John M. Schofield, Apr. 15, 1861, Schofield Papers, LC; Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 30–33; McDonough, Schofield, 2–14.

13. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 138–39; Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 38–40.

14. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 13–14, 19, 26, 28–29, 40–58.

15. Ibid., 28, 54–55, 68–70.

16. Ibid., 33–35, 88, 90.

17. Ibid., 137; Warner, Generals in Blue, 35–36; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 50; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 15–16.

18. No summary can do justice to the complex events in St. Louis between January and June 1861, nor do historians agree on all of the details. See Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 15–32; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 129–69; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 49–60; Reavis, Life and Military Service of Gen. William Selby Harney, 350–86.

19. No statistical analysis of the Federal volunteer units raised in St. Louis exists. A handful of Anglo-Saxon names like Alexander, Brown, Cook, Hayes, and Nelson appear in the records of even the most thoroughly “German” units. See Compiled Service Records for First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Infantry, NARA; Payne, “The Taking of Liberty Arsenal,” 15–16; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 156–64; War Department, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 11–14; and History of Clay and Platte Counties, 195–96.

20. Bek, “Civil War Diary of John T. Buegel,” 307–8.

21. War Department, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 15; L. Thomas to Nathaniel Lyon, Apr. 30, 1861, Schofield Papers, LC. The Thomas document, issued in Lincoln’s name, confirmed earlier orders from the War Department.

22. For a complete discussion of Lyon’s peculiarly egocentric views, see Phillips, Damned Yankee, 16–17, 46–49, 70–71, 85–86, 103, 106–7, 123.

23. Ibid., 71.

24. Wherry, “General Nathaniel Lyon,” 68; Nathaniel Lyon to Dear Brother, June 11, 1854, Lyon Papers, CSL; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 151; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 105–9, 117–18.

25. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 20–21; “Extra Session of Legislature—Governor’s Proclamation,” St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, Apr. 23, 1861; Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 47.

26. For a complete list of company names, see Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 49.

27. Some militia officers who supported the Union resigned rather than attend the muster. When Frost attempted to exercise his pioneer troops on the heights overlooking the arsenal, Lyon stopped him. Frost’s pioneers were so few in number, however, that this was harassment rather than a real threat to the arsenal. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 177–79; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 21–22; “The National Guards” (Apr. 23, 1861) and “The Military Exhibition Yesterday—A Glance at the Opposing Forces” (May 7, 1861), St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat.

28. War Department, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 16–17; Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 45; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 182–84; “The Government Arsenal at St. Louis,” Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, May 21, 1861.

29. Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 43; Warner, Generals in Blue, 417–18; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 103–4, 168.

30. “Col. Blair and Captain Lyon,” St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, May 22, 1861.

31. Backof’s name is frequently misspelled as “Backoff” or “Backhoff.” Zucker, The Forty-Eighters, 209–10, 274; Franz Backof to Henry W. Halleck, Feb. 5, 1861, Compiled Service Records, Backof’s Battalion, NARA.

32. War Department, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 15; Warner, Generals in Blue, 491–92; “Man of Resource; Active Service of Gen. T. W. Sweeny as Told in His Letters,” National Intelligencer, Aug. 22, 1895; Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 44–46; Coffman, Old Army, 137–38; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 188.

33. Quoted in Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 56. Other sources give the presenter’s name as Miss Josephine Wiegel; see “Presentation of a Beautiful Banner to the Third Regiment Missouri Volunteers,” St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, May 4, 1861.

34. Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 53–57, 230; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 188; Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 15–16, 36, 39–40.

35. Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 4, 321; “Something More about Col. Seigle,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 1, 1861; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 20; Traveller to Editor (July 8), in “War Correspondence,” Iowa City Democratic State Press, July 31, 1861; Horace Poole to Editor (July 2), in “Army Correspondence,” South Danvers Wizard, July 17, 1861; Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 28–29.

36. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 186–93; Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 29.

37. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 192; Winter, Civil War in St. Louis, 49–53.

38. “Exciting Military Demonstration,” Glasgow Weekly Times, May 16, 1861; Covington, “Camp Jackson Affair,” 211.

39. Parrish, History of Missouri, 3:14.

40. War Department, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 252–56; The Laws of Missouri, 3–57.

41. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 39, 81, 107, 136, 154, 172, 195, 209, 290.

42. Parsons is often erroneously credited with serving as state attorney general. Vandiver, “Reminiscences of General John B. Clark,” 223, 229; Warner, Generals in Gray, 228–29, 278; Miller, “Missouri Secessionist,” 7, 14–15, 22–23, 48, and “General Mosby M. Parsons,” 34–36; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 59–60, 155, 190.

43. Castel, General Sterling Price, 3, 5; Shalhope, Sterling Price, 4–8, 15–26, 30–55.

44. Shalhope, Sterling Price, 60–61, 64–65; Simmons, “Life of Sterling Price,” 23.

45. Shalhope, Sterling Price, 66–67.

46. Ibid., 6–75.

47. Rea, Sterling Price, 28–36.

48. Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 133–34.

49. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 210–11; McDonough, Schofield, 19; J. W. Ripley to John M. Schofield (May 28, 1861) and Requisition for Ordnance and Ordnance Stores (May 29, 1861), Schofield Papers, LC; Franc B. Wilkie to Editor (June 22), in “Army Correspondence,” Dubuque Herald, June 26, 1861; “Attention Military” (May 2, 1861), “Supplies for the Volunteers” (May 4, 1861), “Aid to Missouri Volunteers” (May 21, 1861), and “The Missouri Volunteers Fund in New York” (June 1, 1861), St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat; “Missouri Volunteer Fund—Letter from Colonel Blair” (May 27, 1861) and “Arms and Alms” (May 28, 1861), St. Louis Republican; Kip Lindberg, “Uniform and Equipment Descriptions of Units at Wilson’s Creek,” n.p., HL.

50. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 187–201; Castel, General Sterling Price, 24; Clarke, “General Lyon and the Fight for Missouri,” 280–81.

51. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 214.

Chapter Three

1. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 200, 214–15.

2. OR 3:382.

3. Ibid., 384.

4. Ibid., 388–89, 391.

5. Parrish, History of Missouri, 3:24.

6. Steele and Cotrell, Civil War in the Ozarks, 15; Gottschalk, In Deadly Earnest, 21; Parrish, History of Missouri, 3:24; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 171; Rorvig, “Significant Skirmish,” 127–48.

7. Surviving sources make it easier to study the Kansans and Iowans than the Union troops from Missouri. For a separate study of the Iowa troops, see Piston, “1st Iowa Volunteers.”

8. Some sources give Matthies’s last name as Matthiass. His first name was Charles; his middle name, by which he was generally known, was either Leopold or Leopoland. Sturdevant, “Girding for War,” 107; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 304, 63–66; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 45–46, 211; Swisher, Iowa in Times of War, 113; Meyer, Iowans Called to Valor, 16; “Iowa in the Field,” Dubuque Daily Times, Apr. 18, 1861; “Camp Ellsworth,” Keokuk Gate City, June 6, 1861.

9. “The Volunteer Meeting” (Apr. 19, 1861) and “Patriotic Meeting at Iowa City” (Apr. 26, 1861), Muscatine Weekly Journal., “Immense Patriotic Meeting” (Apr. 24, 1861) and “Patriotic Meeting on Saturday” (Apr. 24, 1861), Iowa City Weekly State Reporter; Boeck, “Early Iowa Community,” 413–14; “Iowa in the Field,” Dubuque Daily Times, Apr. 18, 1861; “War” (Apr. 20, 1861), “Ready for Service” (Apr. 20, 1861), and “Union Meeting” (Apr. 27, 1861), Mt. Pleasant Home Journal., “To the Ladies,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Apr. 25, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 70–74; “Iowa Volunteers,” Franklin Record, Apr. 29, 1861.

10. “To Arms!” Iowa City State Register, Apr. 17, 1861; “War Begins” and “Grand Union Meeting,” Lyons Weekly Mirror, Apr. 18, 1861; “Local,” Iowa Transcript, Apr. 25, 1861; Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion, 18–19; “The Masses Moving,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, Apr. 27, 1861; Boeck, “Early Iowa Community,” 414; Z. to Editor (Apr. 19), in Muscatine Weekly Journal, Apr. 26, 1861.

11. Michael McHenry to Editor (May 16), in “A Slander of the Adopted Citizens of the State of Iowa Refuted,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, June 5, 1861; “Departure of Volunteers,” Keokuk Gate City, April 23, 1861; “Our War Correspondence” (May 16, 1861) and Mac to Dear Dick (May 31), in “Our War Correspondence” (June 3, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News; H. J. C. to Editor (May 27), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, May 31, 1861; Richard D. Martin, “First Regiment Iowa Volunteers,” 17; Rippley, German-Americans, 62.

12. The Wilson Guards were sometimes called the Jackson Guards. “To the Sons of Germany, Bohemia, and France” and “Our Volunteers,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, May 1, 1861; “The Foreign Element,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, June 24, 1861; Boeck, “Early Iowa Community,” 406–9; Sturdevant, “Girding for War,” 94, 96, 107; “Completed” (Apr. 23, 1861), “Our War Correspondence” (May 21, 1861), “Our War Correspondence” (May 28, 1861), and Mac to Dear Dick (May 31), in “Our War Correspondence” (June 3, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News.

13. Muster rolls, First Iowa Infantry, HL; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 42–43, 45, 51; “The First Iowa in the Springfield Fight,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 22, 1861; Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 14.

14. McPherson, What They Fought For, 2–7, 27–35, and For Cause and Comrades, 17–26, 98–103, 105–6, 110–11, 114–16; Hess, Liberty, Virtue; and Progress, 8–9, 32–33, and Union Soldier in Battle, 97–109; “The Conflict,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Apr. 20, 1861.

15. “War” (Apr. 20, 1861) and “The Cause of the War” (May 4, 1861), Mt. Pleasant Home Journal; “Liberty and the Union,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 16, 1861; “The Departure of the Washington Guards,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, May 8, 1861.

16. H. P. to Editor (May 5), in “Iowa Regiment,” South Danvers Wizard, May 15, 1861; “The Farewell to Our Volunteers,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 7, 1861; “To Our Kind Friends at Home,” Iowa City Democratic State Press, May 29, 1861.

17. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 38, 45–46.

18. J. O. Culver to Dear Minnie, Aug. 14, 1861, Culver Papers, USAMHI; Long, “Frémont, Lyon, and Wilson’s Creek,” 82.

19. H. J. C. to Editor (June 21), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, June 28, 1861; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 60.

20. For a list of Iowa newspapers, see Bibliography.

21. Mitchell, The Vacant Chair, 25, 27.

22. Ibid., 22.

23. Matson, Life Experiences, 59; “The Following Gentlemen . . .,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 16, 1861; “Aid,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Apr. 25, 1861; “Patriotic Meeting on Saturday” (Apr. 24, 1861) and “Subscription to the Volunteers Fund” (May 8, 1861), Iowa City Weekly State Reporter; “Union Meeting,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, Apr. 27, 1861; “Attention, Military!” (Apr. 26, 1861), “Fifteen Hundred Dollars for Uniforms” (Apr. 26, 1861), “Free Medical Care” (May 3, 1861), and “The Relief Committee” (June 28, 1861), Muscatine Weekly Journal.

24. “Ladies Volunteer Labor Society,” Dubuque Daily Times, May 1–9, 1861; “At the Invitation of. . .,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 7, 1861; “The Generous Ladies of. . .” (May 1, 1861) and High Private of Comp’y B to Editor (May 16), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 22, 1861), Iowa City Weekly State Reporter.

25. For departure ceremonies, which further strengthened ties between the companies and their home communities, see Ware, Lyon Campaign, 80–82; “The Farewell to Our Volunteers,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 7, 1861; “Departure of the Volunteers,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, May 8, 1861; “Departure of the Muscatine Volunteers,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, May 10, 1861; and “The Mt. Pleasant Grays Left . . .,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, May 11, 1861. Some sources give May 13 or 14 as the date of muster, suggesting a process that took several days. See “Our War Correspondence” (May 6, 1861), Anonymous to Editor (May 14), in “Our War Correspondence” (May 16, 1861), and “Our War Correspondence” (May 21, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News; Z. to Editor (May 15), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, May 24, 1861; “Company B—Iowa 1st,” Iowa City Democratic State Press, Sept. 4, 1861; and Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion, 20.

26. Some of the troops were housed in buildings on Main Street, while others occupied quarters on Fifth Street and elsewhere. Considerable discrepancies exist concerning the dates companies moved from the city to the camp. Clark, Life in the Middle West, 47; “Visit to the Burlington Companies at Keokuk” (May 14, 1861) and Zouave to Editor (May 18) (May 21, 1861), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye; “Our War Correspondence” (May 14, 21, 28, 1861) and Mac to Dick (May 27, 31), in “Our War Correspondence” (May 28, June 3, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News; H. J. C. to Editor (May 7), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 10, 1861), “Volunteers’ Meeting” (May 24, 1861), H. J. C. to Editor (May 21, 27), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 31, 1861), Z. to Dear John (May 8), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 17, 1861), and W. F. D. to Editor (May 31), in “Our Army Correspondence” (June 7, 1861), Muscatine Weekly Journal., “The Muscatine Companies Had . . .” (May 18, 1861) and “Camp Ellsworth” (June 13, 1861), Keokuk Gate City.

27. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 85–86; “Resolution of the Burlington Zouaves” (May 30, 1861), “The Burlington Company” (May 30, 1861), and H. S. to Editor (June 6) (June 8, 1861), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye; H. P. to Editor (May 11), in “Iowa Regiment,” South Danvers Wizard, May 22, 1861; Mac to Dear Dick (May 27), in “Our War Correspondence,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 28, 1861; W. F. D. to Editor (June 5), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, June 14, 1861.

28. Clark, Life in the Middle West, 46–47; “For the Democrat and News,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 1, 1861.

29. “At Work” (Apr. 29, 1861), Mac to Dear Dick (May 14), in “Our War Correspondence” (May 16, 1861), and Occasional to Friend Richardson (May 25), in “The Office of the First Regiment” (May 28, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News; Z. to Dear John (May 8), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 17, 1861), and H. J. C. to Editor (May 9), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 17, 1861), Muscatine Weekly Journal., Anonymous to Editor (May 12), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 14, 1861.

30. Anonymous to Editor (May 12), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 14, 1861; Mac to Dear Dick (May 14), in “Our War Correspondence” (May 16, 1861), and Occasional to Friend Richardson (May 25), in “The Office of the First Regiment” (May 28, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News; H. J. C. to Editor (May 12), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, May 17, 1861.

31. “Excursion on the Pomeroy,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 15, 1861; Stuart, Iowa Colonels and Regiments, 22.

32. “Keokuk Items” (May 18, 1861), Mac to Dear Dick (May 27), in “Our War Correspondence” (May 28, 1861), “First Iowa Regiment” (May 29, 1861), and “Those Arms” (May 30, 1861), Davenport Daily Democrat & News; “We Have Some Hope . . .” (May 8, 1861), B. Z. to Editor, May 20 (May 22), and H. S. to Editor (June 6) (June 8, 1861), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 49; “Camp at Macon City,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, June 22, 1861; Anonymous to Editor (May 12), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, May 17, 1861.

33. Z. to Editor (May 15), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 24, 1861), H. to Dear John (May 8), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 17, 1861), and W. F. D. to Editor (May 24), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 31, 1861), Muscatine Weekly Journal., Zouave to Editor (May 18), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, May 21, 1861; Occasional to Dear Dick (May 27), in “Our War Correspondence,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 28, 1861.

34. Occasional to Dear Dick, May 27, 1861, in “Our War Correspondence,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 28, 1861.

35. Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion, 21; U. to Editor (May 18), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 24, 1861), H. J. C. to Editor (May 21), in “Our Army Correspondence” (May 31, 1861), and W. F. D. to Editor (May 31, June 14), in “Our Army Correspondence” (June 7, 21, 1861), Muscatine Weekly Journal., Vici to Editor (June 15), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, June 26, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 85, 106; Mac to Dear Dick (May 27), in “Our War Correspondence,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, May 28, 1861.

36. Wilkie had not been hired to promote Bates. In fact, because the Herald changed hands while Wilkie was in Missouri, he was never paid for his work. Mac to Dear Dick (June 16, 23), in “War Correspondence—1st Regiment,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, June 20, July 1, 1861; “Movement of Troops,” Hannibal Daily Messenger, June 15, 1861; Macon City Our Whole Union, June 15, 1861; Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 9–10, 16–17; Vici to Editor (June 25), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, July 10, 1861; H. to Friend Mahin (July 16), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 2, 1861; Traveller to Editor (July 8), Iowa City Democratic State Press, July 31, 1861; Franc B. Wilkie to Editor (June 22), in “Army Correspondence,” Dubuque Herald, June 26, 1861.

37. H. J. C. to Editor (June 17), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, June 28, 1861; H. to Editor (July 16), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Iowa City Weekly Journal, Aug. 2, 1861; Traveller to Editor (July 8), in “War Correspondence,” Iowa City Democratic State Press, July 31, 1861.

38. B. Z. to Editor (June 24), in Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, June 29, 1861; Franc B. Wilkie to Editor (June 22), Dubuque Herald, June 26, 1861; “How They Went,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, June 15, 1861.

39. Shrader, “Field Logistics,” 265–66, 269–70; Van Crevald, Supplying War, 34, ill; Hagerman, American Civil War, 44.

40. OR 3:388–89; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 222–26.

Chapter Four

1. For the relationship between prewar events in Kansas and the Civil War in the Trans-Mississippi theater, see Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border.

2. Crawford, “Organization of the Kansas Troops,” 3–4, 7; Richard D. Martin, “First Regiment Iowa Volunteers,” 19; “We Are Informed by . . .,” Leavenworth Daily Times, May 11, 1861.

3. Cracklin, “A War Reminiscence,” n.p., Cracklin Papers, KSHS; “The Killed and Wounded,” Emporia News, Aug. 31, 1861; “Lieut. L. L. Jones,” Olathe Mirror, Sept. 5, 1861; “Lawrence Companies in Leavenworth” (June 6, 1861), “The Martyrs of Freedom” (Aug. 29, 1861), and “A Boston Man Killed in the Battle” (Oct. 3, 1861), Lawrence Weekly Republican; Caldwell, “The Stubbs,” 124–25.

4. Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 147; “Reminiscences of ’61,” Boston Transcript, Aug. 12, 1901; “Halderman, John A.” (7:556), “Eagle, James Philip” (10: 191–92), and “Jones, Daniel Webster” (10:193–94), National Cyclopedia; “Military Companies,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, May 18, 1861; “Gov. Thomas J. Churchill,” ENW, 18–19; Newberry, “Harris Flanagin,” 60–64; “Clayton, Powell,” DAB, 4:187–88; “Wilson’s Creek: Address by the Hon. Albert H. Horton,” n.p., KSHS; “The Second Kansas,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Sept. 19, 1861; Webb, Battles and Biographies, 349–50.

5. Crawford, “Organization of the Kansas Troops,” 19–20; Castel, Frontier State at War, 18, 21, 46–47; B. to Editor (May 29), in “News from the All Hazard’ Boys,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, June 1, 1861.

6. At one point Kansas had rival free-state and slave-state legislatures. Warner, Generals in Blue, 116–17; “Col. Deitzler Has Donated . . .,” Leavenworth Daily Times, June 9, 1861; Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 20, 26, 53, 56, 99, 146–47; Cordley, History of Lawrence, 37, 91, 97, 99, 128, 154, 179; C. M. Deitzler Reminiscences, n.p., UKL.

7. Stockton had already secured rifles for the Leavenworth Fencibles. “Gov. Robinson’s Appointments,” Topeka Tribune, June 1, 1861; “The Topeka Tribune of Last. . .,” Kansas State Record, June 8, 1861; “The Leavenworth Fencibles,” Leavenworth Daily Times, May 19, 1861; “Letter from Camp Lincoln,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, June 22, 1861.

8. Warner, Generals in Blue, 328–29; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 40; J. F. C. to Editor (July 27), in “Army Correspondence,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861; H. S. Moore to Dear Br. (Aug. 20), in “The Late Battle,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 29, 1861.

9. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 9.

10. Ibid., 9–10.

11. Crawford, “Organization of the Kansas Troops,” 4; Castel, Frontier State at War, 8.

12. “Military Companies” (May 18, 1861) and R. A. B. to Editor (June 12), in “Letter from Camp Lincoln” (June 22, 1861), Atchison Freedom’s Champion; “Militia in Kansas,” Fort Scott Democrat, June 8, 1861; “Lawrence Companies in Leavenworth,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, June 6, 1861.

13. Captain Swift’s Oread Guards of Lawrence were in Company D, not H. G. W. H. to Editor (June 5), in “News from the All Hazard’ Boys,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, June 8, 1861.

14. For examples, see G. W. H. to Editor (June 5), in “News from the All Hazard’ Boys,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, June 8, 1861; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 39; “Wilson’s Creek: Address by the Hon. Albert H. Horton,” n.p., KSHS; Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 99.

15. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 99; “On the Day Previous . . .,” Emporia News, June 8, 1861.

16. Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers, 19. On the significance of flags, see also Wiley, Life of Johnny Reb, 20–22, and Life of Billy Yank, 28–30.

17. M. to Editor (June 29), in “From the Second Regiment,” Leavenworth Daily Times, June 29, 1861; G. W. H. to Editor (June 5), in “News from the All Hazard’ Boys,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, June 8, 1861; “Wilson’s Creek: Address by the Hon. Albert H. Horton,” n.p., KSHS.

18. “From the ‘Texas Hunters,’” Texas Republican, July 13, 1861.

19. Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence, 14; Linderman, Embattled Courage, 32.

20. Linderman, Embattled Courage, 12.

21. Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 27, 36–37, 51, 72–78, 83–85, 92–94, 101–9; Cordley, History of Lawrence, 48, 91, 115–18, 130–31, 179.

22. For a list of Kansas newspapers, see Bibliography; for examples, see Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek.

23. Quoted in Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War, 32. Despite a search of the regimental records, we have been unable to establish the name of the African American or determine whether he enlisted before or after Wilson’s Creek.

24. Brooksher, Bloody Hill, 128; OR 3:389; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 223; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 45–46; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 116; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 349, 335–36, Du Bois Collection, YU; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 574–75, 590.

25. On Aug. 3, 1861, the War Department renamed the existing dragoon units cavalry and altered some numerical designations among the existing cavalry regiments. As the mounted units that participated in the Wilson’s Creek campaign used their pre-August 3 unit designations until long after the battle ended, we refer to the pre-August 3 unit designations throughout this study, regardless of date. William Branson Diary, July 6, 1861, UMC; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 337, Du Bois Collection, YU.

26. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 43; James H. Wiswell to Dear Sister Mary, June 29, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 119; Sheridan, Albright, and Hudson, Reminiscences of a Tramp Printer, 98, 107.

27. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 43; James H. Wiswell to Dear Sister Mary, June 29, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 119.

28. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 43–46; J. W. H. to Mr. Francis (July 8), in “From Our Own Correspondent,” Olathe Mirror, July 18, 1861.

29. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 47; “The Whipping Affair,” Emporia News, Sept. 21, 1861; “Whipping Volunteers under Major Sturgis,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, July 15, 1861; “Soldiers Whipped,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, July 15, 1861.

30. J. M. L. to Mr. Francis (July 8), in “From Our Own Correspondent” (July 18, 1861), and S. F. Hill to Dear Mildred (July 9), in “Extracts from Private Letters” (July 18, 1861), Olathe Mirror; “Volunteers Writing to the . . .,” Emporia News, July 24, 1861; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 52; Sheridan, Albright, and Hudson, Reminiscences of a Tramp Printer, 98.

31. “Soldiers Whipped,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 3, 1861; “Volunteers Writing to the . . .,” Emporia News, July 24, 1861; “Whipping Volunteers under Major Sturgis,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, July 18, 1861.

32. J. M. L. to Editor (July 8), in “From Our Own Correspondent,” Olathe Mirror, July 18, 1861.

33. S. F. Hill to Dear Mildred (July 9), in “Extracts from Private Letters” (July 18, 1861), and “A Letter from the First Regiment” (July 25, 1861), Olathe Mirror, “News from the First Iowa Regiment,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 1, 1861; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 52–56; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 578; General Orders No. 8, July 12, 1861, Letters Sent and General and Special Orders Issued, NARA.

34. Franc B. Wilkie to Editor (June 24), in “Army Correspondence,” Dubuque Herald, July 2, 1861.

35. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 132–38.

36. Ibid., 129, 143–44; Horace Poole to Editor (July 2), in “Army Correspondence,” South Danvers Wizard, July 17, 1861.

37. “Gen. Lyon’s Movement Southward,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, July 13, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 151–52, 155; Horace Poole to Editor (July 2), in “Army Correspondence,” South Danvers Wizard, July 17, 1861; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 116–17.

38. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 157; W. F. D. to Editor (July 8), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, July 26, 1861; Horace Poole to Editor (July 2), in “Army Correspondence,” South Danvers Wizard, July 17, 1861.

39. “Soldier’s Money,” Fort Scott Democrat, July 20, 1861; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 225; OR 3:388–89; Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion, 23; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 159–60; Richard D. Martin, “First Regiment Iowa Volunteers,” 31; S. to Editor (June 15), in “Progress of the Army,” St. Louis Republican, June 16, 1861; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 120; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 577; Horace Poole to Editor (July 13), in “Army Correspondence,” South Danvers Wizard, Aug. 7, 1861.

40. Matson, Life Experiences, 61.

41. Horace Poole to Editor (July 13), in “Army Correspondence,” South Danvers Wizard, Aug. 7, 1861; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 350, Du Bois Collection, YU; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 45.

Chapter Five

1. OR 3:397.

2. Ibid., 17; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 62; Angus, Down the Wire Road in the Missouri Ozarks, 2–4.

3. Bek, “Civil War Diary of John T. Buegel,” 311; Lademann, “Battle of Carthage,” 131. Punctuation corrected in Lademann.

4. Charles Knibben to John C. Frémont, Sept. 21, 1861, Compiled Service Records, Backof’s Battalion, NARA.

5. “News from the Southwest,” Glasgow Weekly Times, July 11, 1861; John R. Norris to My dear Sisters, Mother, and Father, n.d., Norris Letters, LSU; J. F. C. to Editor (July 27), in “Army Correspondence,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 61.

6. Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 59–60; Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 24.

7. “Professor Charles Carlton,” ENW, 328–29; Commercial information based on advertisements in Springfield Advertiser and Springfield Equal Rights Gazette, 1858, 1859, and 1860, and Hubble, Personal Reminiscences, 69.

8. “Union Meeting,” Liberty Tribune, May 24, 1861; “The Speaking Saturday,” Springfield Mirror, May 25, 1861; “Immense Union Meeting,” Richmond Weekly North-West Conservator, May 31, 1861; “Payne, John W,” ENW, 278; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 42–43; “The Hegira of Secession,” Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, July 13, 1861; Hubble, Personal Reminiscences, 37.

9. OR 3:391; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 227; Noble et al., Military History and Reminiscences, 2–6, 12–13, 20–26, 58, 62–63; Eddy, Patriotism of Illinois, 108, 295–96, 300–301.

10. For reasons that are unclear, Sweeny claimed credit for the plan of concentration that resulted in the fight at Carthage. OR 3:15–16.

11. Brooksher, Bloody Hill, 108; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 62–63.

12. “Proclamation of Gov. Jackson,” Richmond Weekly North-West Conservator, June 21, 1861; Kirkpatrick, “Missouri in the Early Months of the Civil War,” 244.

13. Castel, General Sterling Price, 25–26; Snead, “First Year of the War in Missouri,” 268.

14. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 175, 183, 235, 285.

15. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 163; Knapp, Wilson’s Creek Staff Ride, 87; CSA Missouri State Guard Quartermaster Accounts, MSA.

16. Each mounted company was to carry a white guidon with the letters “MSG” on each side. Castel, “Diary of General Henry Little,” 10; History of Clay and Platte Counties, 202; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 306–7; Miles, Bitter Ground, 34, 53; “Troops for Jefferson,” Glasgow Weekly Times, May 23, 1861; Brauer and Goosen, Hier Snackt Wi Plattdiitsch, 183.

17. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 1.

18. Pollard, Lost Cause, 157; Payne, “Early Days of War in Missouri,” 58.

19. Confederate Hospital Register, MSA.

20. Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 89–90.

21. Ibid., 91–92; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 107, 110, 113; Snead, “First Year of the War in Missouri,” 268.

22. “How Guibor and Barlow Ran the Gauntlet in ’61,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, Oct. 28, 1894; John C. Moore, Missouri, 307–8.

23. John C. Moore, Missouri, 307–8; “A Lively June Morning on Cowskin Prairie,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, Nov. 11, 1894; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 191.

24. McIntyre was awarded his degree in absentia and became state attorney general after the war. Miles, Bitter Ground, 65; Conrad, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 4:267–68.

25. Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 12–16.

26. According to one source, there were 12, 000 kegs of powder in Jefferson City. Jackson dispersed them to hiding places in Cooper, Saline, Howard, Chariton, and Carroll Counties. Asbury, My Experiences in the War, 3–4, 40–43; History of Carroll County, Missouri, 298.

27. Asbury, My Experiences in the War, 4.

28. Ibid., 5–6.

29. Harding, “‘Kelly’s Boys’: A History of the Washington Blues,” 8–9, 30, HL; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 172n.

30. Harding, “‘Kelly’s Boys,’” 30, HL; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 181–84.

31. “General Orders No. 2, May 16, 1861,” Randolph Citizen, May 23, 1861; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 19; Kirkpatrick, “Missouri in the Early Months of the Civil War,” 244; OR 53:697–98.

32. Long, “Frémont, Lyon, and Wilson’s Creek,” 82.

33. A handful of companies remained active after 1862. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 5–11.

34. W. N. M., “Battle of Wilson’s Creek,” 50; “Interesting Correspondence,” Boliver Weekly Courier, May 4, 1861.

35. “Interesting Correspondence,” Boliver Weekly Courier, May 4, 1861; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 251.

36. Lewis, “Civil War Reminiscences,” 227–28.

37. Vandiver, “Two Forgotten Heroes,” 405; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 139, 143–48; Keith, “John D. Keith, Confederate Soldier—‘Reminiscences,’” 2, AHC; John T. Hughes to Dear Frank, May 7, 1861, Missouri Partisan 11, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 5; “Letter from Col. John T. Hughes,” Liberty Tribune, Sept. 13, 1861; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 132.

38. These conclusions are based on a cumulative reading of diaries, letters, memoirs, and newspaper articles and editorials relating to the topic.

Chapter Six

1. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 201.

2. OR 3:590–91; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 203–6; Franks, Stand Watie and the Agony of the Cherokee Nation, 118; Thomas F. Anderson, “Indian Territory”; Meserve, “The Mayes,” 58; Josephy, Civil War in the American West, 324–26.

3. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 171; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 35–36; Cutrer and Parrish, Brothers in Gray, 19; “Flag Presentation,” Arkansas True Democrat, June 6, 1861.

4. “Volunteers” (Apr. 25, 1861) and “Officers of the 1st Regiment, Arkansas Mounted Riflemen” (June 6, 1861), Arkansas True Democrat; “Gov. Thomas J. Churchill,” ENW, 18–19; Haynes, “General and Mrs. Thomas J. Churchill,” 2, AHC.

5. Walter, “Capsule Histories of Arkansas Military Units,” 58, HL; “Hon. Charles Mitchell,” ENW, 58–60; “Family Record,” Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC.

6. Volunteer to Editor (June 30), Arkansas True Democrat, July 18, 1861; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 170; John Johnson to Dear Wife and Children, June 14, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC; Warner and McGinnis, “Captain Gib’s Company,” 51.

7. John Johnson to Dear Wife and Children, June 21, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC; Warner and McGinnis, “Captain Gib’s Company,” 50.

8. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 172; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 37; Geise, “Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi,” 7; John Johnson to Dear Wife and Children, June 21, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC; Cutrer and Parrish, Brothers in Gray, 20.

9. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 23–24.

10. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 162; John Johnson to Dear Wife and Children, June 14, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC.

11. Warner, Generals in Gray, 202–3, and Generals in Blue, 300–301.

12. Walter, “Capsule Histories of Arkansas Military Units,” 72, AHC; Leeper, Rebels Valiant, 13–28.

13. “List of Volunteers,” Flanagin Papers, AHC; Amy Jean Greene, “Governor Harris Flanagin,” ibid.; Newberry, “Harris Flanagin,” 59–64.

14. Strother, “Arkansas General,” n.p.; Angie Lewis McRae, “Genl. D. McRae, White Co. Man,” n.p., D. McRae Papers, AHC.

15. Angie Lewis McRae, “Genl. D. McRae, White Co. Man,” n.p., Muster Rolls—Companies A, B, and C, McRae’s Battalion, Report of Arms, Equipment, etc., Company I, Camp Walker, and Dandridge McRae, “Narrative of the Battle of Oak Hills,” n.p., McRae Papers, AHC; Warner, Generals in Gray, 206; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 220.

16. Mars is listed as a “Cherokee quarteroon,” a term indicating a mixture of Native American and African American ancestry. Whites called persons of mixed white and Native American ancestry “half-breeds” or “mixed bloods.” Descriptive List of Cap. Lawrence’s Company in Regiment Arks. Infantry, McRae Papers, AHC.

17. Scott and Myers, “Extinct ‘Grass Eaters’ of Benton County,” 141–42, 153–55.

18. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 163; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 34.

19. Dandridge McRae to Wife, May 4, 1861, McRae Papers, AHC.

20. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 27–29.

21. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 38–39.

22. R. M. Hinson to My Dearest Mat, July 10, 1861, Hinson Papers, LSU.

23. Ibid.

24. OR 3:591, 594–95, 599–600.

25. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 209.

26. Ibid., 210; Castel, General Sterling Price, 31–32; OR 3:603, 606.

27. OR 3:606–7.

28. Ibid., 39.

29. The Federals were paroled on July 8. Conrad reported that the Southern officers were courteous, but the enlisted men were “insulting and brutal” in their manner. Ibid., 38–39, 607.

30. Britton, Civil War on the Western Border, 1:54.

31. John T. Hughes to R. M. Miller (July 7), in “Letter from Col. Hughes,” Richmond Weekly North-West Conservator, July 26, 1861; Hinze and Farnham, Battle of Carthage, 112–201; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 64–65.

32. OR 3:17–19; Britton, Civil War on the Western Border, 1:56–61; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 66–67; Hinze and Farnham, Battle of Carthage, 163–201.

33. Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 66.

34. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 184.

35. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 229–30.

36. Ralph D. Zublin to Wife (July 18), in “A Letter from a G.G.,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861.

37. OR 3:394.

Chapter Seven

1. OR 3:607, 611; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 215; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 48.

2. OR 3:607.

3. Ibid., 612.

4. Ibid., 608, 610–11.

5. Ibid., 611.

6. Ibid., 610.

7. For standard treatments of this issue, see Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 216–18, and Castel, General Sterling Price, 34–35.

8. R. M. Hinson to My Dearest Mat, July 10, 1861, Hinson Papers, LSU.

9. John Johnson to Dear Mother, July 23, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC.

10. R. M. Hinson to My Dear Mat, July 25, 1861, Hinson Papers, LSU; John Johnson to Dear Wife and Children, July 22, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC.

11. John Johnson to Dear Wife and Children, July 28, 1861, Johnson Civil War Letters, AHC; “The Following Extract of . . .,” Shreveport South-Western, Aug. 7, 1861. The letter excerpted in this article is dated July 11, 1861.

12. Mary E. Weaver to Omer Rose Weaver, June 9, 1861, Weaver-Field Collection, AHC.

13. Harrell, “Confederate Dead,” Journal of the Proceedings of the Little Rock Debating Club, Manuscripts—Omer R. Weaver’s Purse Contents, AHC; Gill, “History of the Weaver Family and Home,” AHC.

14. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 49; Mary E. Weaver to Omer Rose Weaver, July 5, 1861, Weaver-Field Collection, AHC.

15. Mary E. Weaver to Omer Rose Weaver, June 9, 21, July 3, 5, 25, 1861, Weaver-Field Collection, AHC; Samuel Montgomery Weaver to Omer Rose Weaver, July 18, 1861, AHC. Mary Weaver’s letter of July 5 encloses a letter from Omer’s sweetheart, dated July 5, 1861.

16. Carr, In Fine Spirits, 8, 11–12, 14; Isaac Clark Diary, July 31, 1861, AHC; R. M. Hinson to My Dear Mat, July 25, 1861, Hinson Papers, LSU; “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp, Before and After the Battle of Oak Hills,” Shreveport Weekly News, Sept. 2, 1861.

17. Another eighteen deserted. See muster rolls in Tunnard, A Southern Record, 495–566.

18. Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 53; Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 20.

19. Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 215–16; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 154; A. B. C. to Editor (Aug. 27), in “Camp Correspondence,” Liberty Tribune, Sept. 13, 1861 (spelling corrected in quotation).

20. Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 20; Rockwell, “A Rambling Reminiscence of Experiences,” n.p., MSA; Bell, “Price’s Missouri Campaign,” 318; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 48.

21. “A Southwest Missouri Paper . . .,” Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, June 2, 1861; CSA Missouri State Guard Quartermaster Accounts, MSA.

22. CSA Missouri State Guard Quartermaster Accounts, MSA.

23. Although there were camp followers at Cowskin Prairie, the soldiers did not turn much of the sewing over to these women. This suggests that the women were too few in number to accomplish the task. CSA Missouri State Guard Quartermaster Accounts, MSA; Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 20–21.

24. Webb, Battles and Biographies, 318; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 58–59.

25. Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 95; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 59.

26. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 2, MSA; “The State Troops,” Liberty Tribune, July 5, 1861.

27. Extant records suggest that Lyon’s punishments were swift but not unduly harsh by army standards of the time. Several soldiers accused of minor crimes were acquitted by military tribunals. Orders No. 7, 24, 44, 58, 59, Letters Sent and General and Special Orders Issued, NARA; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 587; Anonymous to Editor (July 23), in “Letters from the All-Hazard’ Boys,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 10, 1861; H. J. C. to Editor (July 27), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 9, 1861; Barney, Recollections of Field Service, 54.

28. W. F. D. to Editor (July 28), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 9, 1861.

29. G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861.

30. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 117, 136, 156; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 242; OR 3:395, 398; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861.

31. Mac to Dear Dick (July 25), in “War Correspondence—1st Regiment,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 8, 1861; “Affairs in Missouri,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, July 25, 1861; “From Missouri,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 1, 1861.

32. Barney, Recollections of Field Service, 53.

33. Punctuation added for clarity. William Branson Diary, July 18–23, 1861, UMC.

34. “The Iowa First,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 8, 1861.

35. “Arrival of Troops from Springfield, Missouri,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 345, Du Bois Collection, YU; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 65.

36. OR 3:390; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 227–28; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 48–49.

37. OR 3:390–92, 394–97.

38. Ibid., 394, 397–98.

39. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 231–33.

Chapter Eight

1. Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 31, 47–49; Johnson, Texans Who Wore the Gray, 57; Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 22.

2. Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 27–28; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 76; Cater, As It Was, 77; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 53.

3. Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 48–49; Sparks, War between the States, 181.

4. Cater, As It Was, 77–78.

5. Ibid., 82.

6. Sparks, War between the States, 134–35; Barron, Lone Start Defenders, 32; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 51.

7. Barron, Lone Start Defenders, 34.

8. “The Progress of Events,” Clarksville Standard, July 13, 1861.

9. OR 3:44–45.

10. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 228–30; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861.

11. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 231, 235; Warner, Generals in Blue, 493–94.

12. G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; H. J. C. to Editor (Aug. 25), in “Our Army Correspondence,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 30, 1861; Warner, Generals in Blue, 470–71; Sergent, They Lie Forgotten, 181–82; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 230–31; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 62–63.

13. Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 62–63; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 231–32; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; B. Z. to Editor (July 25), in “Army Correspondence,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 5, 1861.

14. Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 63–64; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 232–33; J. C. F. to Editor (July 27), in “Army Correspondence,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861.

15. Sokalski, “56 Fights,” 6; J. C. F. to Editor (July 27), in “Army Correspondence,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 233–34.

16. Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 65; OR 3:44.

17. The unit cannot be identified. Price’s account implies that he was not in charge; he identifies himself only as an inspector general. But as Ware describes the State Guardsmen fleeing with their horses, the men may have been part of the Second Cavalry Regiment of McBride’s Division, which Price commanded temporarily. See J. H. Price and L. M. Dunning to Editor (July 29), in “Battle at Forsyth, Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 15, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 237–38; and Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 198, 204.

18. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 238; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 65.

19. Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 67; Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 24–25; J. H. Price and L. M. Dunning to Editor (July 29), in “Battle at Forsyth, Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 15, 1861.

20. H. L. Moore to Editor (July 27), in “Camp of the Army of the West,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 8, 1861; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 67–68.

21. OR 3:44–45; J. H. Price and L. M. Dunning to Editor (July 29), in “Battle at Forsyth, Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 15, 1861; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; J. C. F. to Editor (July 27), in “Army Correspondence,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861.

22. OR 3:45; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; J. C. F. to Editor (July 27), in “Army Correspondence,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 10, 1861; B. Z. to editor (July 25), in “Army Correspondence,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 5, 1861; Brant, Campaign of General Lyon, 7.

23. Osbourne, “Vincent Osbourne’s Civil War Experience,” 123; “Our Boys,” Emporia News, Aug. 17, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 240–41.

24. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 242; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 71–72; Fellman, Inside War, 23–80.

25. Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 72; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 242–47.

26. Mac to Dear Dick (July 25), in “War Correspondence—1st Regiment,” Davenport Daily Democrat &News, Aug. 8, 1861; OR 3:400–403, 407.

27. B. Z. to Editor (July 25), in “Army Correspondence,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 5, 1861,; H. L. Moore to Editor (July 27), in “Camp of the Army of the West,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 8, 1861; Mac to Dear Dick (July 25), in “War Correspondence—1st Regiment,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 8, 1861; G. to Editor (July 28), in “A Letter from Our Special Correspondent,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 8, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 247–50; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 584.

28. OR 3:47, 408; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 352, Du Bois Collection, YU; “Colonel Soloman’s Regiment . . .,” Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, Aug. 4, 1861; Davis, “Extract from a Report of His Services,” 15; Brooksher, Bloody Hill, 146.

29. OR 3:409, 411–12; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 233–38; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 59; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 120; “Major General Lyon,” Dubuque Weekly Times, July 11, 1861; Zogbaum, “Life of Mary Anne Phelps Montgomery,” 25, Zogbaum Papers, MHS.

30. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 234, 236.

31. OR 3:47; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 237.

32. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 240.

33. OR 53:616–18, 622–23; Geise, “Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi,” 19–22.

34. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 220; John J. Walker to W. W. Mansfield, July 31, 1861, Mansfield Letters, AHC.

35. OR 53:719–20.

36. Ibid., 622–23; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 221; Pearce, “Price’s Campaign of 1861,” 338–39.

37. OR 3:622–23, 745; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 221.

38. OR 3:717–18.

39. Ibid., 717–18.

40. Ibid., 718; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 222; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 35–36.

Chapter Nine

1. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 270–72.

2. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 240; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 580; OR 3:47; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 353, Du Bois Collection, YU; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 12.

3. OR 3:49.

4. Ibid., 47; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 269.

5. OR 3:49; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 274.

6. OR 3:51–52.

7. Other sources give slightly different casualty figures. Ibid., 48–52; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 353–54, Du Bois Collection, YU.

8. Alf to Dear Mother (Aug. 12), in “Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Sept. 4, 1861; Carr, In Fine Spirits, 15.

9. “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp, Before & After the Battle of Oak Hills,” Shreveport Weekly Mews, Sept. 2, 1861; OR 3:52.

10. Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 354, Du Bois Collection, YU; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 3, 1861, HL.

11. OR 3:58; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 279; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 581; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 3, 1861, HL.

12. Ware’s postwar claim that he saw the graves of twenty-five Southerners at Curran’s Post Office is difficult to credit. If so, they were victims of disease who had died earlier, not combat casualties. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 278–79, 281; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 355, Du Bois Collection, YU; Wilkie, The Iowa First, 100–103.

13. Lyon’s report refers to “McCulla’s Farm,” but extant sources include many variations on the spelling of the name. OR 3:47, 58–59; Ingenthron, Borderland Rebellion, 79; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 241; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 579.

14. “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp”; Alf to Dear Mother (Aug. 12), in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport Weekly News, Sept. 4, 1861; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 45; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 195–97.

15. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 284; OR 3:59; Wilkie, The Iowa First, 100–103; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 12–13.

16. William Branson Diary, Aug. 4, 1861, UMC. Spelling corrected.

17. Ibid.; Cracklin, “A War Reminiscence, By Old Cap,” n.p., Cracklin Papers, KSHS; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 62–66.

18. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 244; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 291–93; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 13; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 29; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 4–5, 1861, HL.

19. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 280.

20. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 244; “The Lyon Roareth,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 10, 1861.

21. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 3, MSA. Despite the editor’s title, this diary’s contents reveal the author to have been an assistant regimental surgeon in Colonel John A. Foster’s Second Infantry Regiment, McBride’s Division, Missouri State Guard, not the Confederate army. Although the author is not identified, Peterson et al. (Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 203) convinces us that he was Dr. John Wyatt.

22. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 254.

23. Castel, General Sterling Price, 24–25, 28; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 8; OR 3:717–18.

24. OR 3:720; Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 4, MSA.

25. OR 3:745.

26. Pillow’s movement never materialized. OR 3:745; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 225; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 57.

27. McCulloch’s orders placed all but one unit of the Missouri State Guard to the rear of his other infantry. This was infantry from Rains’s Division, which had been consolidated into a 1, 300-man brigade under Colonel Richard H. Weightman. OR 3:720–21; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 212.

28. OR 3:721; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 47.

29. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 37.

30. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 226–27; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 48; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 37.

31. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 4, MSA; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 79.

Chapter Ten

1. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 33–34.

2. History of Greene County, 131.

3. Historic Base and Ground Cover Map, HL.

4. Ibid.

5. The Sharp farm lay in the southern portion of Greene County that was detached in 1860 to form Christian County. The absence of a slave schedule for Christian County in 1860 makes it impossible to determine precisely how many slaves Sharp owned at the time of the battle. Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 40–41; Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 101–18; Abstracts of Park Research Funded by the Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, pp. 117–18, HL.

6. Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 101–18. The ten farms surveyed belonged to John Dixon, Samuel Dixon, William B. Edwards, John M. Gibson, Mary A. Gwinn, Mercer Moody, Joseph D. Sharp, Elias B. Short, Samuel Short, and John A. Ray.

7. Ibid.

8. Historic Base and Ground Cover Map, HL.

9. Previous accounts place the Pulaski Battery at the “Guinn farm” without further identification. Records in the Greene County Archives indicate that individuals with names spelled Guynne, Guinn, and Gwin owned land near the battlefield, but none place them on the site in question. Larkin Winn apparently rented from John Ray, as his name does not appear as a property owner. Winston Winn, great-great grandson of Larkin, indicates that the Winn family lived at the hilltop farm but had abandoned the property prior to the battle. Winston Winn to Richard W. Hatcher III, Feb. 24, 1989, HL; Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 68; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 38; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 36.

10. Bearss, “Ray House Report,” HL.

11. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 209; Rivers Reminiscences, n.p., HL; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 212n.

12. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 14–15, 212n; “General Weightman,” Liberty Tribune, Sept. 6, 1861. According to the newspaper, Weightman was born in England but immigrated to the United States at an early age.

13. OR 3:3, 128, 53:434–35; Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 93; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 34–37, 149; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 258–61, 315.

14. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 34–37, 260–61.

15. Ibid.

16. Allen, First Arkansas Confederate Mounted Rifles, 33; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 209.

17. Reiff, “History of ‘Spy’ Company,” 169–70.

18. OR 3:745.

19. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 261.

20. Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 12–25; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 210.

21. Lane, “Recollections of a Volunteer,” Lane Papers, MHS. Punctuation corrected.

22. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 209.

23. These men apparently later enlisted in a company commanded by Joel B. Mayes, who may himself have been present at the battle. Some accounts state that William Clarke Quantrill accompanied the group. Trickett, “Civil War in the Indian Territory,” 146; Mabel Washbourne Anderson, Life of General Stand Watie, 15; Thomas F. Anderson, “Indian Territory,” 85–87; Fischer and Rampp, “Quantrill’s Civil War Operations,” 158; Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars, 198; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 79; Fischer and Gill, Confederate Indian Forces Outside of Indian Territory, 3.

24. Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 41–42.

25. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 45.

26. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 38.

27. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 5–6, MSA.

28. Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 299; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 261.

29. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 261.

30. Ibid., 262–63.

31. Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 299; Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 93–94.

32. Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 42; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 14–15; OR 3:746.

33. Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 93–94; Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 42; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 14–15; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 211.

34. Dawson, Toomer, and forty other members of the unit were killed during the battle. Dacus, Reminiscences of Company “H,” 2.

35. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 50.

Chapter Eleven

1. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 244–45.

2. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 17–18; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 245.

3. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 237–38.

4. Ibid., 238–39.

5. Ibid., 234–39; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 244–47.

6. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 39; OR 3:59; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 23.

7. OR 3:59; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 19.

8. Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 1, 441–47; Haskin, History of the First Regiment of Artillery, 620; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 342, 347–48, 352, Du Bois Collection, YU.

9. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 41; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 244.

10. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 41; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 244; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 5, 1861, HL; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 17; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 293–94.

11. Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 23; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 244–45; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 249.

12. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 19; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 245.

13. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 20; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 23–24.

14. Warner, Generals in Blue, 70–71; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 43; OR 3:59; Heitman, Historical Register, 2:285; William Branson Diary, Aug. 7, 1861, UMC; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 7, 1861, HL.

15. OR 3:59; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 246.

16. OR 3:98–99.

17. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 20; James Totten to My dear Major, Aug. 6, 1861, Schofield Papers, LC.

18. Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 6, 1861, HL; William Branson Diary, Aug. 6, 1861, UMC; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 295.

19. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 296.

20. Levant L. Jones to Wife, Aug. 8, 1861, Jones Papers, MHS. Jones’s letter was actually written on August 6 but misdated.

21. Ibid.

22. OR 3:59.

23. Mary Anne Montgomery asserts that on the night of August 7 she heard Lyon predict his own death and request her mother to care for his body; this account is almost certainly spurious. Zogbaum, “Life of Mary Anne Phelps Montgomery,” 25, Zogbaum Papers, MHS; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 21–22; OR 3:59; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 246–47; William Branson Diary, Aug. 8, 1861, UMC.

24. Four Northerners and thirteen Southerners were lost during the skirmishing. OR 3:96; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 8. 1861, HL; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 43; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 298; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 25.

25. OR 3:60, 65, 94; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 303–4; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 47–49.

26. Schofield believed that Lyon abandoned rather than postponed the attack. Du Bois, who was apparently present at the meeting, simply states, “Gen. Lyon changed his plan.” Schofield’s report is potentially misleading, as the wording implies that the Federals returned to Springfield on August 6 rather than August 5. OR 3:94; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 248; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 44–49; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 22; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 362, Du Bois Collection, YU; OR 3:61–62.

27. Original in italics. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 18.

28. Punctuation and elisions corrected; quoted in Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 19.

29. Order No. 16, Army of the West Order Book, Letters Sent and General and Special Orders Issued, NARA. There are three other versions of this order, differing slightly but without consequence in their wording. See OR 3:57; Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 41; Nathaniel Lyon to John C. Frémont, Aug. 9, 1961, Schofield Papers, LC.

30. OR 3:94–95; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 70; Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 43–44.

31. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 45.

32. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 250; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 26–27.

33. OR 3:59–60.

34. OR 3:59; William Branson Diary, Aug. 9, 1861, UMC; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 310; Levant L. Jones file, HL.

35. Levant L. Jones file, HL.

36. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 361–63, Du Bois Collection, YU; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 249–50; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 70–71.

37. Spelling corrected. Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 363, Du Bois Collection, YU.

38. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 43.

39. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 250.

Chapter Twelve

1. William Branson Diary, Aug. 8–9, 1861, UMC; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 314; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 119.

2. H. J. C. to Editor (Aug. 18), in “The Battle of Springfield,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 30, 1861. H. J. C. was probably First Sergeant Hugh J. Campbell of the Muscatine Grays, a resident of Muscatine wounded in the battle. See also Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, 20, and Ware, Lyon Campaign, 310.

3. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 313.

4. Ibid., 314; OR 3:81; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 118.

5. OR 3:3, 65; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 161. Bearss lists the First Brigade as 884 strong, a figure that apparently includes the mounted company of the Second Kansas, Company D, First U.S. Cavalry, and around 200 mounted Dade County Home Guards under Captains Clark Wright and T. A. Switzler. Actually, Sturgis placed the Home Guards with the Third Brigade.

6. Company C of the First U.S. Infantry had no first lieutenant assigned to it at the time of the Wilson’s Creek campaign. The unit’s second lieutenant, Texan William E. Burnet, resigned in July 1861 to join the Confederate army. Cullum, Biographical Register, 18; Heitman, Historical Register, 2:264.

7. The first lieutenant of Company B of the First U.S. Infantry, Samuel Holibird, was on detached service at West Point. Second Lieutenant Charles E. Farrand was attached temporarily to Company C of the Second U.S. Dragoons. Warner, Generals in Blue, 173; Cullum, Biographical Register, 153–54.

8. George A. Williams, the first lieutenant of Company D of the First U.S. Infantry, was assigned to West Point. Second Lieutenant H. C. Wood had been detached to command dragoon and rifle recruits. Cullum, Biographical Register, 224; Heitman, Historical Register, 2:559.

9. Heitman, Historical Register, 2:1054; Cleaveland, History of Bowdoin College, 693.

10. Each of the Missouri volunteer regiments raised in St. Louis initially contained both regular companies, presumably armed with smoothbores, and two companies armed with rifles. Thus the same regiment would possess both Companies A and B and Rifle Companies A and B. Warner, Generals in Blue, 352–53; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 367; Sergent, They Lie Forgotten, 180–82.

11. “Recent Deaths,” Army and Navy Journal 56 (September 1918): 14.

12. Heitman, Historical Register, 2:280; OR 3:65; Elliot, “Events of 1856,” 526–27.

13. Cullum, Biographical Register, 92; “Steele, Frederick,” DAB, 17:555–56.

14. Official Register, U.S. Military Academy; Heitman, Historical Register, 2:479, 642, 676; OR 3:78–79; Special Orders No. 4, Headquarters, Department of the West, June 1, 1861, Gundlach Collection, MHS.

15. OR 3:65; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 28.

16. OR 3:65.

17. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 161–62; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 29.

18. OR 3:65, 75, 81; James H. Wiswell to Dear Sister, Aug. 31, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU.

19. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 51–52; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 314–15; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 28–29.

20. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 314–15; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 28–29. Thomas (Old Farmer’s Almanac, 20) gives sunrise at 5:02 A.M. and sunset at 7:08 P.M. on Aug. 10, 1861. For the same date the U.S. Naval Observatory gives the following data: civil twilight, 4:57 A.M.; sunrise, 5:24 A.M.; sunset, 7:11 P.M.; end of civil twilight, 7:39 P.M.

21. Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 118–19; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 28–29.

22. Levant L. Jones to My Own Hattie, July 22, 1861, Jones Papers, MHS; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 314; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 119.

23. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 66–67; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 315.

24. OR 3:65; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 315; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 50; History of Greene County, 312; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 587.

25. OR 3:65; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 53.

26. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 53.

27. “In the Ranks with the Regulars,” 587; OR 3:73; Horace Poole Diary, Aug. 10, 1861, HL; William Branson Diary, Aug. 9, 1861, UMC; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 67; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 315; Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 42–43; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 252.

28. OR 3:86–87.

29. Ibid., 38, 48, 88.

30. OR 3:86–88; Cullum, Biographical Register, 264; Warner, Generals in Blue, 70.

31. OR 88.

32. OR 3:86, 88–89; Cullum, Biographical Register, 466; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 29–30; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 54.

33. OR 3:86; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 29–30.

34. OR 3:86, 89; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek,” St. Louis Republican, Apr. 2, 1861.

35. OR 3:86, 89–91; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences.”

36. OR 3:86, 89–91; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304.

Chapter Thirteen

1. During his relatively brief service Snyder was also the division’s chaplain, inspector general, provost marshal general, chief of transportation, and assistant surgeon general. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 28, 211.

2. Rains’s report is misleading, as it refers to the forage wagons, Snyder’s scout, and the subsequent movement of DeWitt Hunter’s cavalry as “the pickets which I had sent out at daybreak.” OR 3:127; J. F. Snyder, “A Few Points about the Battle,” 5–7.

3. OR 3:60, 65; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 56; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 588; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 118.

4. “A Boy’s Experiences,” 2.

5. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 2; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 56; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 588; Extracts from Greene County Tax Records, HL; Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 71; “A Boy’s Experiences,” 3.

6. Rains attempted to take credit for this in his report, claiming that he sent out pickets at daybreak. But, as the army was slated to advance on Springfield, Rains had no reason to dispatch pickets to the north. OR 3:27; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 57.

7. Bartels, Forgotten Men, 180; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 267–69.

8. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 269; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 57; Historic Base and Ground Cover Map, HL.

9. As Sokalski moved into position, Irish-born Corporal Stephen Nolan became perhaps the battle’s first “casualty” when he was struck in the right eye by a low-hanging limb. Nolan remained at his post despite the injury. He served until his enlistment expired in 1863 and after the war claimed compensation for a permanent loss of vision. Ingrisano, Artilleryman’s War, 70; OR 3:60, 73.

10. “A Boy’s Experiences,” 4.

11. OR 3:72, 76.

12. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 84; Throne, “First Battle—Wilson’s Creek,” 377.

13. OR 3:27–28; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 252; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 84; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 269.

14. “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 588; OR 3:60, 72.

15. OR 3:66; Burke, Official Military History, 6.

16. OR 3:66; Burke, Official Military History, 6.

17. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 58.

18. Totten’s official report compresses events; it also contains errors concerning the direction and number of Southern troops he could have seen when he first reached the crest. OR 3:73–74.

19. OR 3:104–5, 118, 126–27; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 263.

20. How McCulloch could have arrived at Price’s headquarters before Snyder remains a mystery; the time sequence Snyder presents in his memoirs is not creditable. J. F. Snyder, “A Few Points about the Battle,” 5–7; Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 69; Deed of Records BookJ, 152–53, GCA; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 263.

21. Bearss (Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 62) and Brooksher (Bloody Hill, 182–83) accept uncritically the 1883 account by Holcombe and Adams, who were biased against the Southerners, and the 1886 account by Snead, who was biased against McCulloch. Holcombe and Adams (Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 53), without giving a source, have McCulloch pompously dismiss two messengers from Rains; moments later Rains’s fugitives appear and Lyon’s and Sigel’s artilleries are heard. Snead was an eyewitness, but he wrote after both Price and McCulloch were dead. In The Fight for Missouri, 271–72, he follows McCulloch’s rebuffing of Snyder with a vivid passage underscoring “Old Ben’s” alleged foolishness: “Looking up, we could, ourselves, see a great crowd of men on horseback, some armed, and others unarmed, mixed in with wagons and teams and led horses, all in dreadful confusion, scampering over the hill, and rushing down toward us—a panicstricken drove. In another instant, we saw the flash and heard the report of Totten’s guns, which had gone into battery on the top of the hill, not more than a thousand yards away, and were throwing shot into the flying crowd. And then, in quick response, came the sound of Sigel’s guns, as they opened.” In fact, Snead could not have seen any of the Federal artillery on the crest of Bloody Hill from Price’s headquarters. Price’s August 12 battle report disproves any procrastination on McCulloch’s part: “General McCulloch was with me when these messengers came, and left at once for his own headquarters to make the necessary disposition of our forces.” Neither Price nor McCulloch mention seeing any fugitives; it is unlikely that they saw a large number before taking action. Price states that Lyon’s attack began at 6:00 A.M., but a multitude of Northern and Southern sources place it much earlier. McCulloch gives the time as 5:30 A.M., but he and Price may actually have left the Edwards farm as early as 5:20 A.M. See OR 3:98–105.

22. OR 53:427–28; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 136–41.

23. OR 3:60, 76, 427–28, 53:428.

24. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 39–40.

25. Ibid., 39–40, 44.

26. OR 3:111, 53:429.

27. OR 3:60, 66, 78; H. J. C. to Editor (Aug. 18), in “The Battle of Springfield: All about the Muscatine Boys,” Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 30, 1861.

28. OR 3:100; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 98.

29. According to one source, Shelton’s men were part of a different unit. OR 3:100; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 273; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 167–68; Shelton, Memoir of a Confederate Veteran, 4, 6, 10; Connelley, With Mexico, 1846–1847, 46–54.

30. John T. Hughes to R. H. Miller (Aug. 29), in “Letter from Col. John T. Hughes,” Liberty Tribune, Sept. 13, 1861; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 132–33.

31. Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 94–95; Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 22.

32. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 273; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 163–64.

33. OR 3:100; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 67.

34. Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 69.

35. No record exists of Sergeant Hite contacting McCulloch, but he may have given the Texan the first word that the Southern army faced an enemy from two directions. OR 3:121, 126–27; Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 299–300.

36. OR 3:121; Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 300; Carr, In Fine Spirits, 16; McCulloch, “Sketch of the Life of Clem McCulloch,” 45.

37. The compass and facing directions found in the after-action reports of Pearce, Reid, Gratiot, and Dockery are misleading, perhaps from a mistaken impression that the Wire Road ran due north toward Springfield, when it actually ran northeast. Probably for that reason, Woodruff’s and Reid’s batteries are mislocated on Cowles, Atlas to Accompany the Official Records, plate CXXV, map 1. See OR 3:120–21, 123–25, 127; Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 300; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 75; Frank A. Rector to Mrs. C. B. Johnson (n.d.), in “Latest from Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 22, 1861.

38. OR 3:120–25; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 40–41.

39. OR 3:72; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 589–90; Historic Base and Ground Cover Map, HL.

40. Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 69; Extracts from Greene County Tax Records, HL; “Parents’ Record,” HL; Charles T. Meier, Management Assistant, to Superintendent, GWCA, HL.

41. “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 59, 90; OR 3:72; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 82.

42. OR 3:72.

43. William E. Woodruff Jr. to Dear Father (Aug. 11), in “Latest from Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 22, 1861.

44. John H. Newbern to Messrs. Ed. True Dem. (Aug. 11), in “Latest from Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 22, 1861; “Extracts from a Letter Written at Springfield, Mo., by Dr. W. A. Cantrell,” ibid., Aug. 29, 1861; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 44–45.

45. Bearss errs in stating that McCulloch ordered the Third Arkansas to support the Pulaski Light Battery as a consequence of Plummer’s threat; Pearce had already directed the regiment to support Woodruff. Sources do not indicate how detailed McCulloch’s knowledge of conditions at the Sharp farm were at this time. OR 3:110–11, 117, 121; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Greek, 75.

46. Watson’s account of seeing McCulloch emerge from his tent is not creditable, as McCulloch had already gone to Price’s headquarters. As Watson was writing long after the war, he may have confused McCulloch with Hébert in regard to the incident. For the same reason, we discount the story of William Brown related by Cutrer. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 213; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 50–51; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 229; “Further Interesting Particulars about the Doings at the Battle of Oak Hills,” Shreveport Weekly News, Sept. 2, 1861.

47. Dandridge McRae to Wife, Aug. 6, 1861, McRae Papers, AHC; McRae, “Narrative of the Battle of Oak Hills,” n.p., ibid.

48. A discrepancy exists between the reports of McIntosh and Embry. McIntosh writes that he led the unit from the first, whereas Embry states that McIntosh joined them after they dismounted. As Embry errs by asserting that the movement was made to protect the Pulaski Light Battery, we consider McIntosh’s account more creditable overall. OR 3:110–12; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 75; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 213; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 51.

49. OR 3:72, 113.

50. Southern sources indicating that the Federals used the fence for cover appear to be in error. OR 3:113; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 51, 67; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 215; A. to Editor (Sept. 17), in “Letter from the Third Regiment,” Baton Rouge Weekly Gazette and Comet, Oct. 5, 1861.

51. OR 3:72; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 215; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 590; James H. Wiswell to Mary and Wiswell to Dear Sister, Aug. 31, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU.

52. Alf to Dear Mother (Aug. 12), in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Sept. 4, 1861; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 51; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 216–17.

53. OR 3:110–16; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 217–18; A. to Editor (Sept. 17), in “Letter from the Third Regiment,” Baton Rouge Weekly Gazette and Comet, Oct. 5, 1861; Sam. Hyams to Reuben White (Aug. 13), in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Aug. 28, 1861; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 86.

54. James H. Wiswell to Dear Sister, Aug. 31, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 30; OR 3:80.

55. Du Bois’s guns probably fired spherical case shot, not shell. Participants on both sides also erred by frequently referring to canister as grape shot. James H. Wiswell to Dear Sister, Aug. 31, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 52; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 217; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 30; OR 3:113, 115.

56. OR 3:117.

57. OR 3:116; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 86.

58. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 217–18.

59. This estimate assumes that most of the casualties suffered by the Third Louisiana and the Second Arkansas Mounted Rifles during the battle occurred in the cornfield fight. See Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 162.

60. James H. Wiswell to Dear Sister, Aug. 31, 1861, Wiswell Letters, DU; OR 3:72–73; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 96; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 30.

Chapter Fourteen

1. Because of the need to accommodate the tour road, the reconstructed fences at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield enclose a smaller area than the original fields. As Sigel mentions moving through “a number of cattle near Sharp’s house,” they must have been in the northernmost fenced area. Because some were still present to block the road after Sigel’s first and second bombardments ended, they probably did not break through the fences until just moments before Sigel’s final advance toward the Sharp house. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; OR 3:86, 116; Cowles, Atlas to Accompany the Official Records, plate CXXXV-1, map 1.

2. OR 3:86–87; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 73; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 29–30; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 70.

3. OR 3:86–87; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 73; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 29–30, 46; Eugene A. Carr to Dear Father, Aug. 16, 1861, Carr Papers, USAMHI; Heitman, Historical Register, 1:414.

4. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Bek, “Civil War Diary of John T. Buegel,” 312.

5. OR 3:119; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 34–36, 162–63; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 174; Warner, Generals in Gray, 209–10.

6. OR 3:89. The camps of the unarmed Missourians cannot be precisely identified. As they marched at the rear of the Southern army and reached Wilson Creek last, many probably camped in Sharp’s stubble field or along the western edge of the creek itself. Carr apparently saw them moving through Sharp’s property in an attempt to escape the battlefield. Sigel’s gross overestimate of the troops that rallied to face him would be easier to understand if he accidentally had included in that number the unarmed Missourians leaving the field. Such a mistake would have been easy to make.

7. “Reliable Letter from Springfield,” Texas Republican, Aug. 24, 1861; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 80.

8. OR 3:118; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 29; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 80.

9. Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 61–62; Cater, As It Was, 87.

10. OR 3:118–19; Sparks, War between the States, 139; Barron, Lone Star Defenders, 44–45.

11. Du Bois wrote his father that “negroes (servants) got arms &. followed their masters, some of them behaving very well.” Du Bois, “Journals and Letters,” 361, Du Bois Collection, YU; Confederate Women of Arkansas, 83; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 47, 62–64.

12. The chaplain’s full name is unknown. “Reliable Letter from Springfield,” Texas Republican, Aug. 24, 1861; Hale, Third Texas Cavalry, 31, 63–64.

13. “The Little Rock True Democrat . . .,” Des Arc Semi-Weekly Citizen, Sept. 18, 1861; OR 3:109; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 69.

14. Burriss is listed in some sources as Burress; his full name is unknown. OR 53:425; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 108; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 67; Bartels, Forgotten Men, 42.

15. A Mexican War veteran named Thomas E. Staples was wounded at Wilson’s Creek, but he was a sergeant in Clark’s Division. Alexander was probably Captain Robert L. Alexander, who in September 1861 was appointed regimental quartermaster of a cavalry unit in Rains’s Division. Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 177–78, 190, 253; OR 3:432–33.

16. Some sources refer to the lieutenant commanding the section of guns on the hilltop as Lieutenant Gustavus Adolphis Schaefer. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Eugene A. Carr to My Dear Father, Aug. 16, 1861, Carr Papers, USAMHI; “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek,” St. Louis Republican, Apr. 2, 1887.

17. Deed of Records Book J, 122, GCA.

18. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304.

19. In his postwar article, Sigel confused Farrand’s encounter with the pickets and the earlier escape of the Southern prisoner. Bearss is misled by this. Farrand states that after he crossed the ravine the Southern camp was in plain sight. This could only have been the Terrell Creek ravine. OR 3:91; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; Eugene A. Carr to My Dear Father, Aug. 16, 1861, Carr Papers, USAMHI; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 69.

20. OR 3:87, 91.

21. Sigel’s report states: “As the enemy made his rally in large numbers before us, about 3,000 strong, consisting of infantry and cavalry, I ordered the artillery to be brought forward from the hill, and formed them in battery across the valley.” But in a postbattle letter to his father, Carr writes: “I immediately sent him [Sigel] word and commenced to retire towards him as they were getting between me and him.” The alignment Carr describes means that he was farther north than previous accounts indicate, and that the threat to Sigel was not so much against his front, as many accounts assume from the language of Sigel’s report, but to his right flank. OR 3:87; Eugene A. Carr to My Dear Father, Aug. 16, 1861, Carr Papers, USAMHI.

22. OR 3:87; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304.

23. OR 3:87, 91; Eugene A. Carr to My Dear Father, Aug. 16, 1861, Carr Papers, USAMHI; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304–5.

24. OR 3:87, 89; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304.

25. Sigel does not give a detailed description of his deployment, but a standard battery front for six guns was 240 feet and his infantry, in double ranks, would have occupied 990 feet. If the cavalry dismounted, every fourth man holding a horse, it would have occupied a minimum of 64 feet and two or three times that if it was in skirmish formation. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 304; OR 3:87; “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek,” St. Louis Republican, Apr. 2, 1887. According to Lademann, the Federals fired on a herd of cattle and its drivers near the southern end of Sharp’s fields. No other sources substantiate this, however.

Chapter Fifteen

1. OR 3:61, 66.

2. OR 3:60, 66, 78.

3. Bearss places the advance of the First Missouri and First Kansas, in response to the Southerners’ second assault on Bloody Hill, much later in the battle. But Sturgis’s report States that as soon as the Federals reached the crest of the main ridge of Bloody Hill, the “First Missouri and First Kansas moved at once to the front, supported by Totten’s battery; the First Iowa Regiment, Du Bois’s battery, Steele’s battalion, and the Second Kansas were held in reserve.” OR 66, 82–83; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Greek, 107–8; Geo. W. Hutt to Dear Champion, Aug. 19, 1861, in “Our Boys at Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 317.

4. Because he was wounded in the battle, Andrews did not submit his report until August 28. He conflates and confuses the Federal attack on the northern spur of Bloody Hill with the movements to and beyond the main ridge. As a consequence, the position of the First Missouri cannot always be established with accuracy. OR 3:75–76, 82–83; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 79–80.

5. OR 3:100; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 274–75; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 78–79.

6. Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 96; OR 3:100; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 274–75; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 78–79; Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 125; Lobdell, “Civil War Journal and Letters,” pt. 2, 30; Alf to Dear Mother, Aug. 12, 1861, in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Sept. 4, 1861; Jos. W. Martin to Geo. Martin, Aug. 20, 1861, in “The Battle of Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 31, 1861; Carr, In Fine Spirits, 18–19; Bell, “Price’s Missouri Campaign,” 319; Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 25.

7. Sokalski, “56 Fights,” 6.

8. Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 96, 98, 100; Bell, “Price’s Missouri Campaign,” 318.

9. This first sacking of Lawrence, which caused only property damage, should not be confused with Quantrill’s bloody raid in 1863. One Kansas newspaper subtitled its first detailed report of the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, “Bravery of the Kansas Boys: They Settle an Old Score.” Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 116–17; Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 52–55; “Our Boys at Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861.

10. “Wilson’s Creek,” National Tribune, Nov. 10, 1892; OR 3:83; Geo. W. Hutt to Dear Champion (Aug. 19), in “Our Boys at Springfield” (Aug. 24, 1861), and Geo. J. Martin to Jos. W. Martin (Aug. 20), in “The Battle of Springfield” (Aug. 31, 1861), Atchison Freedom’s Champion; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 80; Jones file, HL.

11. OR 3:73–74, 78, 81; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 81.

12. Woodruff was distressed at the thought of firing on Totten. On August 15 he wrote his father: “Information has just been received from Springfield, to the effect that Capt. Totten was not in the fight—that he had peremptorily refused to take up arms against Arkansas, and that consequently he had been sent to St. Louis in disgrace. I hope, for my ‘ancient love’ for Capt. T, that this is true. But I doubt it. I was told, on the battlefield, by a prisoner brought to my battery, without leading question, that he was there. And, afterwards, was told by a second prisoner, the same thing. Lt. Col. Provine, of the 3d regiment, reported a conversation had by him, with one of Totten’s wounded men, in which he said that ‘Capt. T. had said he was mad with himself for having drilled us.’ There is no doubt in the world that Totten’s battery was the one we played against. . . . It would be a pleasure to me to believe that he was not there.” William E. Woodruff Jr. to Dear Pa (Aug. 15), in “Extract of a Letter from Capt. Wm. E. Woodruff, jr.,” Arkansas True Democrat, Sept. 5, 1861; OR 3:73–75, 80; Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 40–41; “Wilkie’s Description of the Battle of Springfield,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 21, 1861.

13. OR 3:76–77.

14. OR 3:100; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 273–74; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 155; Colton Greene to Thomas L. Snead, May 29, 1882, Snead Papers, MHS.

15. McBride’s battle report is so poorly worded that it is impossible to determine accurately his decisions, actions, or even his physical location at critical points. He writes: “From our camp we marched toward the high ground to the northwest and formed on the left of General Parson’s battery [Guibor’s Battery]. Some confusion occurred here by [Foster’s] Second Regiment advancing too far west, breaking the connection between our line and the battery. The command [both Wingo and Foster?] preceded west, crossing a small ravine . . . and then moved north, in which direction the enemy was supposed to be.” OR 53:434–35; Mudd, “What I Saw at Wilson’s Creek,” 96.

16. OR 3:76.

17. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Greek, 79.

18. OR 53:431, 434.

19. OR 53:76.

20. Although the State Guardsmen may have been displaying a trophy captured from one of Sigel’s units, the time and location involved make this unlikely. Gratz’s stepbrother and cousin, Joseph O. Shelby, fought opposite him in the Missouri State Guard. Ibid.; O’Flaherty, General Jo Shelby, 12–15.

21. OR 3:76–77; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Greek, 18.

22. Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 82; Geo. W. Hutt to Dear Champion (Aug. 19), in “Our Boys at Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861; OR 3:82–83.

23. OR 3:66–67, 76–77, 80–81, 83–84.

24. OR 3:83; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 209–26, 236–39.

25. The only detailed description of the charge suggests that Lyon accompanied it. Azel W. Spaulding to Editor (Aug. 20), in “First Kansas Regiment at Wilson’s Creek,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861.

26. The style of the shoulder badge worn by the Fifth Missouri is unknown. The incident provides a classic example of how events are misreported and exaggerated. Writing just after the battle, Azel Spaulding of the First Kansas reported that Clayton “shot the Adjutant [Buster] and Sergeant Brennan [sic] rushed forward as he fell and pinned him to the earth with his bayonet, leaving the gun sticking upright in his body and the ground.” The story lost nothing in the telling after the war. Writing in 1870, W. S. Burke claimed that Clayton first realized that the troops next to him were Southerners when at a distance he recognized Clarkson as “an ex-postmaster of Leavenworth” and a border ruffian. Adjutant Buster was unimpeded by his fictional impalement. He later entered the Confederate army, rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and served with the First Indian Brigade. Azel W. Spaulding to Editor (Aug. 20), in “First Kansas at Wilson’s Creek,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 236; Burke, Official Military History, 12; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 107–8.

27. John K. Rankin to My Dear Greene, May 16, 1906, Rankin File, KSHS; Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1:69, 74.

28. H. S. Moore to Dear Br. (Aug. 20), in “The Late Battle,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 29, 1861; “Fighting Them Over: Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek,” newspaper clipping from The Commonwealth, Jan. 24, 1884, in Kansas in the Civil War, KSHS.

29. “Fighting Them Over: Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek.”

30. OR 3:61.

Chapter Sixteen

1. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 86.

2. Sigel does not describe the direction in which his guns initially pointed in any of his writings, but as he exchanged shots with Rosser’s First Infantry of Rains’s Division of the Missouri State Guard, they must have initially faced almost due north. Although the hill southwest of the Sharp farm in Sigel’s rear offered greater elevation, the vegetation there apparently precluded the effective deployment of the battery, which with standard spacing would have occupied an 82-yard front. Though extant sources do not describe the precise terrain conditions at the rim of the plateau, none suggest that Sigel could not have stationed his guns farther forward, thereby commanding a more effective field of fire directly to either his front or right. Had he done so, however, his position (and perhaps a line of trees) might have reduced his ability to fire on Bloody Hill. In addition, the drop-off at the edge of the plateau may have been so great that the muzzles of the artillery pieces could not have been depressed sufficiently to eliminate the “dead zone.” OR 3:87; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305.

3. Sigel never described the placement of his infantry in detail. Our conclusions are based on Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 46, and the map drawn by Captain William Hoelcke, chief engineer of the Department of the Missouri, in 1865, which is printed in Cowles, Atlas to Accompany the Official Records, plate CXXXV, map 1. “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek” (St. Louis Republican, Apr. 2, 1887) states that initially Sigel “formed his two infantry battalions in column closed in mass across the telegraph road in front of Sharp’s house.” Writing from memory long after the battle, Lademann admits that he was at the rear of the column, where his view was restricted. In any case, Lademann confirms that Sigel’s force was not deployed in the standard linear formation that would have allowed him to use all of his firepower for defense.

4. Carr’s report suggests he did not even realize that the Federal position at the Sharp farm was on the Wire Road (which he refers to as the Fayetteville Road). OR 3:89–91.

5. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 46.

6. OR 3:87, 89, 128; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305; Bek, “Civil War Diary of John T. Buegel,” 313; “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek.” Lademann claims that Sigel ordered Lieutenant Schaeffer to shift a section of guns far to the right, into Sharp’s cornfield, to draw the enemy’s fire away from the Federal infantry. Only fifteen minutes later, having forgotten his own orders, Sigel chastised Schaeffer for undertaking the movement. The guns returned to their original positions. Lademann’s overall hostility toward Sigel casts doubt on the story.

7. In his report Sigel states, “This was the state of affairs at 8:30 o’clock in the morning, when it was reported to me by Dr. Melchior [sic] and some of our skirmishers that Lyon’s men were coming up the road.” This is the only known reference to skirmishers. Neither Dr. Melcher nor any Southern source mentions them. OR 3:87.

8. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 86–87.

9. OR 3:105; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 52.

10. The Missourians were members of either J. Johnson’s Cedar County Company, attached to the First Cavalry, Rains’s Division; Thomas B. Johnson’s Company C, Second Cavalry, Rains’s Division; or James Johnson’s Osage Tigers, Company A, First Cavalry, Parsons’s Division. OR 3:113; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 175, 247, 249.

11. Watson’s chronology is confused, as he incorrectly has Major Tunnard rejoin Hyams’s portion of the regiment at the ford. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 218–19.

12. OR 3:87; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 46–47.

13. The sequence of events regarding skirmishers is implied by Sigel’s report, which is the only source that mentions them. As he was writing after the battle to explain away a great disaster, the possibility that he actually had no skirmishers in his front cannot be dismissed. If one accepts Sigel’s account at face value, he is guilty at the very least of failing to confirm the skirmishers’ report. OR 3:87, 105; A. B. C. to Dear Tribune (Aug. 27), in “Camp Correspondence,” Liberty Tribune, Sept. 13, 1861.

14. Rosser probably received his assignment from Rains, although this is not clear from the wording of Rains’s report. Nor is it certain that all companies in the First and Fourth Infantries took part in the operation. OR 3:127; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 72, 87; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 279–80; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 214, 232, 287.

15. Tunnard, A Southern Record, 52; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 234.

16. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 30; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 47; Rombauer, Union Cause in St. Louis, 393; “Tales of the War: Otto C. Lademann’s Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek,” St. Louis Republican, Apr. 2, 1887. Although Lademann also uses the spelling “Tod,” he identifies the individual as a member of Company K. Todt may have been an acting corporal.

17. Gentles rose to the rank of captain and served until the end of the war, but he had the unfortunate experience of being captured three times. Lacy’s name is also given as Lacey. OR 3:115, 117; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 53, 520, 533; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 220.

18. Many accounts, including the histories written by Bearss and Holcombe and Adams, imply that the Southern infantry sent at least one volley into the Union troops before Backof’s Battery opened fire. But Vigilini, whose troops were leading the Southern assault, states that the Union artillery fired before the Louisianans. Sigel reported his men’s belief that Lyon’s troops were firing on them, but this could be a reference to incoming Southern artillery fire. Although the evidence is confused, we conclude that Reid’s Fort Smith Battery fired first, followed by Bledsoe’s Missouri Light Artillery. At least two of Sigel’s guns replied instantly, and only after that did the Louisianans fire. OR 3:87, 105, 115–18; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 88–89; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 46–47; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 52–53.

19. OR 3:121–22; Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 300–301.

20. Hyams reported that McCulloch’s horse was wounded by the first fire from Sigel’s guns, but it is much more likely that the injury was caused accidentally by Reid’s battery. OR 3:87, 105, 117, 121.

21. Separate casualty figures do not exist for the Third and Fifth Infantries. No casualty figures exist for Backof’s Battery. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 162.

22. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 47.

23. Quotation and translation from Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 77.

24. OR 3:87.

25. McRae had a poor sense of direction and terrain. From his sketchy and inaccurate report, it is impossible to determine his precise route or position on the field. The time elements involved suggest that he was between Rosser’s Missourians and Hyams’s Louisianans. OR 3:87, 91, 112–13; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 47–48; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 77; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 88–91.

26. OR 3:113–18; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 76–77.

27. In Hyams’s battle report, Hecox’s name is misspelled as “Hicock.” OR 3:114, 116–18; Tunnard, A Southern Record, 53, 520, 525.

28. OR 3:113, 121, 124; Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 301; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 92.

29. OR 3:87, 91; Bek, “Civil War Diary of John T. Buegel,” 313; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 47–48; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 77; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 88–90.

30. Smith did not actually receive his commission until November. Made a captain, he was assigned to the Sixth Cavalry. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 48; Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 264.

31. OR 3:90–91; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 95.

32. OR 3:91–92; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 94.

33. Bearss errs when stating that Farrand’s troops were already ahead of him when he discovered the caisson. OR 3:92; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 94.

34. Sources do not describe Sigel’s route precisely. It is unlikely that he moved across country. The road leading from the Dixon farm to the Wire Road was the only route suitable for the artillery that accompanied the Federals. OR 3:90; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 95.

35. Neither the name nor the precise location of the road onto which Sigel’s column turned is known. OR 3:90; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305.

36. Carr’s report concluded: “It turned out that the colonel was ambuscaded, as I anticipated, his whole party broken up, and that he himself narrowly escaped. It is a subject of regret with me to have left him behind, but I supposed all the time that he was close behind me till I got to the creek, and it would have done no good for my company to have been cut to pieces also. As it was, four of my men were lost who had been placed in rear of his infantry.” Without giving their source, Holcombe and Adams attribute an even more astonishing passage to Carr: “‘To use a Westernism,’ say Gen. Carr, ‘there was no time for fooling then, and as I had waited long enough for the slow-moving infantry . . . I lit out for a place of safety which I soon reached, and after waiting another while for Sigel, I went on to Springfield.’” OR 3:90; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 49–50.

37. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305.

38. OR 53:425, 433; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 96–97.

39. OR 53:425, 433; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 97.

40. OR 53:425–26, 433; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 97.

41. Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 305; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 236.

Chapter Seventeen

1. Because reports are sketchy and rarely give precise times for movements, it is difficult to reconstruct the Federal alignment at this point. As Deitzler and Hutt state that after retiring the First Kansas took up a position on Totten’s right, Steele and Gilbert were almost certainly on Totten’s left, filling the gap between his guns and those of Du Bois. OR 3:60–61, 72–73, 77–82; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 106; Geo. W. Hutt to Dear Champion (Aug. 19), in “Our Boys at Springfield,” and George W. Deitzler to W. H. Merritt (Aug. 20), in “Col. Geo. W. Deitzler,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861.

2. “Incidents of the Battle at Springfield,” Leavenworth Daily Times, Sept. 6, 1861.

3. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 317.

4. “Battle Accounts,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 29, 1861.

5. Keyes lay for three days on the battlefield before being removed to a hospital in Springfield. Although numbered in Totten’s report among those killed, all five recovered from their wounds, served throughout the rest of the war, and lived into the twentieth century. OR 3:67, 77, 81; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 106–7; Ingrisano, Artilleryman’s War, 211, 223–24, 246, 248.

6. OR 3:67, 77, 81; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 106–7.

7. Holcombe and Adams attribute to Lyon a prediction of failure: “It is as I expected; I am afraid the day is lost.” But this appears to be an embellishment of Schofield’s battle report by the authors, unsubstantiated by any other source. OR 3:62, 74; Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 44; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 36; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 254.

8. In his report Merritt confused his left and right flanks, misidentifying the troops on his right as the First Kansas. Using Merritt’s report as the basis for theirs, Sturgis and Schofield repeat the error. This sparked a brief postbattle newspaper controversy. OR 3:81; Geo. W. Hutt to Dear Champion (Aug. 19), in “Our Boys at Springfield,” and George W. Deitzler to W. H. Merritt (Aug. 20), in “Col. Geo. W. Deitzler,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861.

9. OR 3:81, 85; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 254–55; Wherry, “Wilson’s Creek,” 15.

10. The precise sequence of events is difficult to reconstruct as battle reports are imprecise in relation to the timing of movements. Because Colonel Mitchell was wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Blair wrote the report for the Second Kansas. Blair erroneously states that the regiment was held in reserve until this point. Both Schofield and Sturgis assert that Lyon brought the Second Kansas to the front earlier to save the imperiled First Missouri toward the very end of the fighting caused by the first Southern attack. OR 3:61–62, 67, 74, 84; Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, 44; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 254–55.

11. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 255–56; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 115–16; Wherry, “Wilson’s Creek,” 15.

12. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 117; OR 3:70; “Colonel Mitchell,” Kansas State Record, Sept. 21, 1861; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 72.

13. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 117; OR 3:70; “Colonel Mitchell,” Kansas State Record, Sept. 21, 1861.

14. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 33; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 73; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 256; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 116.

15. In a letter written for newspaper publication, Hughes affirmed that Weightman’s sword had not fallen into enemy hands. J. T. Hughes to editor (n.d.), in “Further from the Battle of Oak Hill,” Arkansas True Democrat, Sept. 5, 1861; OR 3:101; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 289.

16. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 236; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 223.

17. OR 3:118–19; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 81.

18. According to R. Q. Mills, only one full company and portions of others made the charge. OR 3:118–19; “Reliable Letter from Springfield,” Texas Republican, Aug. 24, 1861; R. Q. Mills to C. R. Pryor (Aug. 22), in “A Texan’s Description of the Battle of Oak Hill,” Texas Republican, Sept. 7, 1861.

19. Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 81.

20. Blocker wrote, “The slaughter of the enemy was terrible—we took no prisoners, did not have time.” Such exaggeration is common in soldiers’ accounts, however. Federal casualties probably did not exceed a dozen. OR 3:74; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 81–82; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 117.

21. OR 3:118–19, 126; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 118–19.

22. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 286.

23. Easley, “Journal of the Civil War in Missouri,” 23–24.

24. Ibid., 275–76, 286; OR 3:98–102, 127–30; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 56; Typo to Dear Oliver (Aug. 12), in St. Genevieve Plain Dealer, Aug. 30, 1861.

25. OR 3:67–68.

26. OR 3:62, 67–68.

27. OR 3:68, 77; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 121–24, 161.

28. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 125–26; OR 3:121.

29. Rivers Reminiscences, HL.

30. OR 3:121; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 126–27.

31. Snead, Fight for Missouri, 283; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 127.

32. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 124.

33. Ibid., 125.

34. OR 3:123.

35. OR 3:75, 84.

36. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 128.

37. Ibid., 128–29.

38. Greene, “On the Battle of Wilson Creek,” 124; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 123, 325; Hardee, Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics, 58–59.

39. Punctuation and spelling corrected in quotations. “The Kansas Regiments at Wilson’s Creek,” Emporia News, Aug. 31, 1861; William F. Allen to Dear Parents, Aug. 19, 1861, Allen Letters, RCHS; “Wilkie’s Description of the Battle of Springfield,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 21, 1861; “Reports of Our Regiments,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 31, 1861; Carr, In Fine Spirits, 18–19; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 78; “Reminiscences of ’61,” Boston Transcript, Aug. 12, 1901; “In the Ranks under General Lyon,” 590; Brant, Campaign of General Lyon, 10.

40. OR 3:68, 74–75.

41. OR 3:100; William F. Allen to Dear Parents, Aug. 19, 1861, Allen Letters, RCHS; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 224.

42. OR 3:68–69; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 129–30.

43. Ingrisano, Artilleryman’s War, 72, 222; Medal of Honor files, HL.

44. OR 3:79, 80.

45. OR 3:69; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 131.

46. Pearce, “Arkansas Troops,” 303.

Chapter Eighteen

1. Comparisons are based on the figures given in Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 161–64, and Eggenberger, Dictionary of Battles, 63–64, 88–89, 104, 280, 321, 359, 458. Buena Vista (15.1%), Churubusco (14%), and Molino del Rey (22.8%) exceeded the Southern casualty rate.

2. Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 161–64; Long, Civil War Day by Day, 717.

3. B. to Editor (July 22), in “From Springfield,” Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, Aug. 6, 1861; Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 16–17; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 258.

4. Sigel’s medical supplies were captured by Greer’s Texans. E. Greer to Editor (n.d.), Texas Republican, Sept. 28, 1861; Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 15–18.

5. Bell, “Price’s Missouri Campaign,” 416. For personnel, see Peterson et al., Sterling Price’s Lieutenants, 35, 108, 114, 137–38, 143, 173, 175, 196, 203, 211, 215, 222, 232, 245, 248, 253, 257, 260, 267.

6. Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 16; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 162.

7. Jos. W. Martin to Geo. J. Martin (Aug. 20), in “The Battle of Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 31, 1861; H. J. C. to Editor (Aug. 18), Muscatine Weekly Journal, Aug. 30, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 358.

8. Bell, “Price’s Missouri Campaign,” 416; Bearss, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 164.

9. Austin, “Battle of Wilson’s Creek,” 48; Wm. A. Cantrell to Editor (Aug. 17), in “Extracts from a Letter Written at Springfield, Mo., by Dr. W. A. Cantrell,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 29, 1861; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 225; “Reliable Letter from Springfield,” Texas Republican, Aug. 24, 1861.

10. Punctuation and capitalization corrected. Hughes was hardly forgiving, however, for he continued, “President Lincoln ought to suffer death for this awful ruin, brought upon a once happy country.” “Further from the Battle of Oak Hill,” Arkansas True Democrat, Sept. 5, 1861, reprinting an undated letter from Hughes originally published in the Western Missouri Argus Extra, date unknown and no longer extant.

11. Punctuation added. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 9–10, MSA; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 221–22.

12. Hall, Springfield . . . Newspaper Abstracts, 8; Greene County, Missouri, Federal Census of 1860, 69; “A Boy’s Experiences,” 4.

13. “The Great Missouri Fight,” Bellview Countryman, September 11, 1861; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 222.

14. Mudd, With Porter in North Missouri, 124; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 222–23; E. Greer to R. W. Loughery (n.d.), in Texas Republican, Sept. 28, 1861.

15. “Mrs. Ollie Burton Recalls Wilson Creek Battle,” Springfield Press, April 5, 19—, Eyewitness Accounts file, HL.

16. “An Eye Witness Account of the Battle of Wilson’s Creek,” n.p., ibid.

17. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 11, MSA.

18. “The Battle near Springfield,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 21, 1861; Zogbaum, “The Life of Mary Anne Phelps Montgomery,” 26, Zogbaum Papers, MHS; Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 15–16; “Army Correspondence,” Dubuque Herald, Aug. 18, 1861; Harris Flanagin to M. E. Flanagin, Aug. 24, 1861, Flanagin Papers, AHC; “Dr. Melcher Remembers,” n.p.

19. Zogbaum, “The Life of Mary Anne Phelps Montgomery,” 26, Zogbaum Papers, MHS; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 341; “Army Correspondence,” Dubuque Herald, Aug. 18, 1861; Harris Flanagin to M. E. Flanagin, Aug. 24, 1861, Flanagin Papers, AHC; “Latest from Missouri,” Emporia News, Aug. 31, 1861; “Further Interesting News about the Doings at the Battle of Oak Hills,” Shreveport Weekly News, Sept. 2, 1861.

20. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 10, MSA; Musser, “The War in Missouri,” 684.

21. Wm. A. Cantrell to Editor (Aug. 17), in “Extracts from a Letter Written at Springfield, Mo., by Dr. W. A. Cantrell,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 29, 1861; “Latest from Missouri,” Emporia News, Aug. 31, 1861; Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 16; “From Springfield, Mo.,” Olathe Mirror, Oct. 24, 1861.

22. Linderman, Embattled Courage, 17–33.

23. “Latest from Missouri” (Aug. 22, 1861) and Wm A. Cantrell to Editor (Aug. 17), in “Extracts from a Letter Written at Springfield, Mo., by Dr. W. A. Cantrell” (Aug. 29, 1861), Arkansas True Democrat.

24. “Full Particulars of the Battle of Springfield,” Clinton Herald, August 24, 1861.

25. “The Noble Dead,” ML Pleasant Home Journal, Aug. 24, 1861; “Killed,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861; “Latest from Our Army in Missouri,” Emporia News, Aug. 24, 1861; “The Martyrs of Freedom,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 29, 1861; “Ladies Public Meeting,” Liberty Tribune, Aug. 30, 1861.

26. “For the Battlefield,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 22, 1861; “The Late Battle Near Springfield,” Des Arc Semi-Weekly Citizen, Sept. 4, 1861; “Letter from Lieut. Hills,” Emporia News, Aug. 31, 1861; Musser, “The War in Missouri,” 684; Weaver, “Fort Smith in the War between the States,” 9, FSNHS.

27. “From Springfield,” Emporia News, Sept. 21, 1861; “The Reception of Colonel Mitchell” (Sept. 19, 1861) and “Arrival of Colonel Deitzler” (Sept. 26, 1861), Leavenworth Weekly Conservative; Harris Flanagin to M. E. Flanagin, Sept. 6, 1861, Flanagin Papers, AHC.

28. Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, 37; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 229; “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp, Before & After the Battle of Oak Hills,” Shreveport Weekly News, Sept. 2, 1861.

29. Rockwell, “A Rambling Reminiscence,” n.p., MSA; “From Springfield, Mo.,” Olathe Mirror, Oct. 24, 1861; “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp”; William E. Woodruff to Dear Pa (Aug. 15), in “Extract of a Letter from Capt. William E. Woodruff, jr.” (Sept. 5, 1861), and Wm. A. Cantrell to Editor (Aug. 17), in “Extracts from a Letter Written at Springfield, Mo., by Dr. W. A. Cantrell” (Aug. 29, 1861), Arkansas True Democrat; “A Boy’s Experiences,” 4.

30. Woodruff, With the Light Guns, 42; William E. Woodruff to Dear Pa (Aug. 15), in “Extract of a Letter from Capt. William E. Woodruff, jr.,” Arkansas True Democrat, Sept. 5, 1861.

31. According to two accounts, Southerners cut up Lyon’s coat for souvenirs, but this is refuted by the report of Dr. S. H. Melcher, the Federal surgeon who took charge of the body. Likewise, two accounts say that the body was bayoneted. One states that this occurred in the heat of the battle, just moments after Lyon’s death; the other maintained that it took place long after the fighting ended. Melcher reported no bayonet wounds on the body. Apparently another corpse was mistaken for Lyon’s and despoiled. Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 98–102; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 79; “Further Interesting Particulars about the Doings at the Battle of Oak Hills,” Shreveport Weekly News, Sept. 2, 1861; Alf to Dear Mother (Aug. 12), in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Sept. 4, 1861; Hubble, Personal Reminiscences, 93; R. A. W. Jr. to Father (Aug. 11), in “Latest from Missouri,” Arkansas True Democrat, Aug. 22, 1861.

32. By another account, the body was first placed in a “sod-covered apple house,” then buried in the Phelps family graveyard. Zogbaum, “The Life of Mary Anne Phelps Montgomery,” 28, Zogbaum Papers, MHS; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 258–59; Hubble, Personal Reminiscences, 90–96; Holcombe and Adams, Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 98–104.

33. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 259–60; “Gen. Lyon’s Body,” St. Genevieve Plain Dealer, Aug. 30, 1861.

34. J. C. Frémont to John M. Schofield, Aug. 27, 1861, Schofield Papers, LC; “Remains of Gen. Lyon,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 29, 1861; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 260–61; Receipt from State of Connecticut to Trustees, Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad, September 6, 1861, Nathaniel Lyon Letters, CSL.

35. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 7–18.

Chapter Nineteen

1. OR 3:63; Sigel, “Flanking Column at Wilson’s Creek,” 306.

2. OR 3:64; “A Captain in Siegel’s command . . .,” Kansas State Record, August 24, 1861.

3. OR 3:64. In July Congress had retroactively approved Lincoln’s unconstitutional creation of a volunteer army. Sturgis apparently argued that the volunteers enlisted illegally in April would have to be reenlisted to conform to the July legislation. In actual practice, the volunteers who had enlisted prior to July were simply assumed to be legal.

4. Ware, Lyon Campaign, 344.

5. OR 3:54–57, 425, 431, 439–40.

6. Ibid., 429–30.

7. Ibid., 71; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 86, 97–101.

8. “A Card from Brig. Gen. McCulloch,” Texas Republican, Feb. 1, 1862; Alf to Dear Mother (Aug. 12), in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Sept. 4, 1861; Lale, “Boy-Bugler,” 83.

9. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 232–34; OR 3:653.

10. Henderson, “Confederate Diary,” 12, MSA; John T. Hughes to R. H. Miller, Aug. 29, 1861, Parson Papers, DU; OR 3:109.

11. Lademann, “Prisoner of War,” 439–43.

12. Castel, General Sterling Price, 48–49.

13. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 246–47.

14. Ibid., 252; OR 3:98–102, 746–47; Castel, General Sterling Price, 48–49.

15. OR 3:106, 746–47.

16. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 251; Castel, General Sterling Price, 49.

17. OR 3:672, 689; Ben McCulloch to My Dear Mother, Nov. 8, 1861, Dibrell Collection, TSL.

18. OR 3:700, 718–19, 733–34, 736–38, 748–49.

19. Castel, General Sterling Price, 57–58.

20. Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 198–205; Parrish, History of Missouri, 3:36–37.

21. OR 3:718–19, 721–22, 730; Castel, General Sterling Price, 59; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 267; Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 207; Geise, “Confederate Military Forces in the Trans-Mississippi,” 37–39.

Chapter Twenty

1. Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 32–37.

2. “Wilson’s Creek: Address by the Hon. Albert H. Horton,” n.p., KSHS; “Startling News!” (Aug. 15, 1861) and “For the Battlefield” (Aug. 22, 1861), Lawrence Weekly Republican; “St. Louis News,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 15, 1861.

3. Wilkie, Pen and Powder, 32–37; “The Great Battle,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, Aug. 21, 1861; “The Dead Alive,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Oct. 10, 1861.

4. “The Stars and Stripes” and “Great Battle at Springfield, Mo.,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 17, 1861.

5. Daniel, Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee, 149–50; “The News from Missouri,” Davenport Daily Democrat & News, Aug. 14, 1861; “Great Battle in South-West Missouri—Death of Gen. Lyon,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 17, 1861; “The Battle Near Springfield,” St. Louis Tri-Weekly Republican, Aug. 19, 1861; “Wilson’s Creek and Buena Vista,” Mishawaka Enterprise, Aug. 30, 1861.

6. John T. Hughes to R. H. Miller (Aug. 12), in “Battle of Springfield,” and “The Late Battle of Springfield,” Liberty Tribune, Aug. 23, 1861; Untitled editorial, St. Genevieve Plain Dealer, Aug. 29, 1861; “New Orleans Correspondence” (Aug. 26, 1861) and “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp, Before & After the Battle of Oak Hills” (Sept. 2, 1861), Shreveport Weekly News; “The Victory in Missouri,” Texas Republican, Aug. 24, 1861; Dirck, “‘We Have Whipped Them Beautifully,’” 291–92.

7. “The Kansas Boys,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 22, 1861; “The Battle of Springfield,” Atchison’s Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 17, 1861; “Kansas Second—Reception,” Emporia News, Sept. 7, 1861; “The First Iowa in the Springfield Fight,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 22, 1861; “In the Late Battle . . .,” Anamosa Eureka, Aug. 23, 1861; “War! War!,” Lyons Weekly Mirror, Aug. 22, 1861; “The Late Battle at Springfield,” Liberty Tribune, Aug. 23, 1861.

8. Jos. W. Martin to Geo. Martin (Aug. 20), in “The Battle of Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 21, 1861; Hatcher and Piston, Kansans at Wilson’s Creek, 82.

9. A. to Editor (Sept. 17), in “Letter from the Third Regiment,” Baton Rouge Weekly Gazette and Comet, Oct. 5, 1861.

10. William F. Allen to Dear Parents, Aug. 19, 1861, Allen Letters, RCHS; Jos. W. Martin to George K. Martin (Aug. 20), in “The Battle of Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 31, 1861; “Battle Accounts,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 29, 1861; Cater, As It Was, 94; “Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings in Camp.”

11. John R. Gratiot to Editor (n.d.), Washington Telegraph, Aug. 12, 1861; OR 3:118; C. S. Hills to Editor (Aug. 22), in “Letter from Lieut. Hills,” Emporia News, Aug. 31, 1861.

12. “It Will No Doubt . . .,” Kansas State Record, Sept. 14, 1861; Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field, 79; “Correspondence N.Y. Herald,” Kansas State Record, Sept. 14, 1861; J. K. C. to Editor (Aug. 19), in “Correspondence to the Hawk-Eye,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 23, 1861; “The Iowa Boys,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, Apr. 21, 1861; “Honor to Whom Honor Is Due,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Aug. 22, 1861; Ware, Lyon Campaign, 332–33; George W. Deitzler to W. H. Merritt (Aug. 20), in “Col. Geo. W. Deitzler,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 24, 1861.

13. “Captain Geo. H. Fairchild” and “The Battle of Springfield,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Aug. 17, 1861; “The Iowa Boys,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, Apr. 21, 1861; “The Battle near Springfield” (Aug. 21, 1861) and George F. Streaper to Editor (n.d.), in “To the Editor of the Hawk-Eye” (Aug. 24, 1861), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye; “Editor of the Missouri Republican,” St. Louis Tri-Weekly Republican, Aug. 22, 1861.

14. “The Northwest in Motion” (Aug. 24, 1861), “The Springfield Battle Again” (Aug. 24, 1861), “The West Neglected” (Aug. 2, 1861), and ‘Army Correspondence of the State Record” (Sept. 28, 1861), Kansas State Record; “General Sigel” and “Our Officers,” Emporia News, Sept. 7, 1861; “The Battle of Springfield, Mo.,” Independence Civilian, Aug. 20, 1861; “The Death of Gen. Lyon” (Aug. 14, 1861) and “The War Crisis” (Aug. 22, 1861), Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye; “Whose Fault Was It?” (Aug. 17, 1861) and “Col. Geo. W. Deitzler” (Aug. 24, 1861), Atchison Freedom’s Champion; “Secession in Missouri,” Sioux City Register, Sept. 7, 1861; S. to Editor (Aug. 20), in “From Rolla,” St. Louis Tri-Weekly Republican, Aug. 22, 1861; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 257; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 78–79; “Battle Accounts,” Olathe Mirror, Aug. 29, 1861.

15. Alf to Dear Mother (Aug. 12), in “The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.,” Shreveport South-Western, Sept. 4, 1861; Austin, “Battle of Wilson’s Creek,” 47.

16. The total cost to Iowa taxpayers for feeding, clothing, transporting, and paying the First Iowa was $39, 230. Meyer, Iowans Called to Valor, 30–31; Clark, Life in the Middle West, 72–73; “Another Welcome to the Volunteers,” Burlington Daily Hawk-Eye, Aug. 27, 1861.

17. “Reception Meeting” and “Reception of the Returned Volunteers,” Iowa City Weekly State Reporter, Aug. 21, 1861; “Reception of the Returned Volunteers,” Dubuque Weekly Times, Aug. 29, 1861; “Return Home of the Gallant Iowa First!,” Davenport Daily Democrat & Mews, Aug. 27, 1861; “Return of Company F,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, Aug. 31, 1861.

18. Particularly execrable examples include “Frank Mann,” “Lines for the 1st Iowa Regiment,” and “Welcome to Company F, First Iowa Regiment,” Mt. Pleasant Home Journal, Aug. 31, 1861.

19. “St. Louis Hospitality: Reminiscences of Wilson’s Creek and the Entertainment Provided for Sigel’s Men,” National Tribune, May 15, 1902; “Returned,” Emporia News, Sept. 7, 1861; “Sword Presentation,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, Oct. 19, 1861.

20. “Give Them a Cordial Welcome,” Kansas State Record, Aug. 24, 1861; “Kansas Second—Reception,” Emporia News, Sept. 7, 1861.

21. “Kansas Second—Reception,” Emporia News, Sept. 7, 1861; “The Railroad Murder,” Lawrence Weekly Republican, Sept. 2, 1861; “Funeral of Lieut. Shaw,” Emporia News, Sept. 21, 1861.

22. “The Omaha Fired into at Iatan,” Leavenworth Daily Times, Sept. 17, 1861; “An Enthusiastic Reception Was . . .,” Kansas State Record, Sept. 21, 1861.

23. “Return of the Kansas Second,” Leavenworth Daily Times, Sept. 17, 1861.

24. Ibid.; “Arrival of the Second Kansas” and “The Reception of the Second,” Leavenworth Weekly Conservative, Sept. 19, 1861.

25. “When the Second Regiment . . .,” Olathe Mirror, Oct. 24, 1861.

26. Early in the war when companies retained individual flags, it was common practice to allow only one to be flown during combat to avoid confusion. “Return of the Emporia Boys,” Emporia News, Oct. 12, 1861; Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 98–100.

27. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 99–100.

Epilogue

1. Warner, Generals in Blue, 447–48, 486–87; Engle, Yankee Dutchman, 229–33; Warner, Generals in Gray, 200–201, 246–47; Castel, General Sterling Price, 273–85; Cutrer, Ben McCulloch, 302–4; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 179–80.

2. Warner, Generals in Blue, 70–71, 181, 486–87, 425–26, 491–92; Cullum, Biographical Register, 18; Heitman, Historical Register, 2:264.

3. Warner, Generals in Gray, 81, 131, 202–3, 205–6, 209–10; Allardice, More Generals in Gray, 132–33.

4. Committee on Veterans Affairs, U.S. Senate, Medal of Honor Recipients, 1863-1978, 36, 126, 211, 254, 262.

5. Confederate Home Applications, 11, 21, 61, 69, MSA.

6. “Bitterness Buried,” Kansas City Times, Aug. 8, 1883, clipping in Kansas in the Civil War, vol. 2, Wilson’s Creek, n.p., KSHS.

7. “August 10, 1861,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, clipping in ibid.